StrongerBible

tsa'ad

צָעַד

HebrewH6805march, step, ...

Appears 8 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Gen 49:22Jdg 5:42Sa 6:13Job 18:14Psa 68:7(8)Pro 7:8Jer 10:5Hab 3:12
Root family
Word studytsah-AHDverb

What tsa'ad means

to step, to stride: to move forward with deliberate, measured steps

TranslatabilityApproximateCertaintyStrong

Hebrew has a common, all purpose verb for going and walking (הָלַךְ). This one is narrower and more pictorial: it keeps the single step in view, the foot lifted and set down again. So it turns up where the pace itself matters, in six counted paces beside the ark, in a young man's purposeful walk toward a woman's door, and in the mockery of a wooden idol that cannot manage one step on its own.

Because a measured stride is also what an advancing army looks like, this is the verb the oldest Hebrew poems reach for when God goes out to fight. He strides from the open country of Edom, through the wasteland, across the earth, and the ground shakes under him. The word itself is not a sacred one. It simply pictures an advance you can feel, one deliberate step at a time.

Two uses stretch the picture further. In Job the direction of the verb flips: a man does not stride anywhere, he is marched off, driven along to a destination he never chose. And in Jacob's blessing over Joseph, branches are said to stride out over a wall, though that whole line is famously difficult and readers disagree about what it describes.

The matching noun, a step or a pace (צַעַד), stands right beside the verb in 2 Samuel 6:13, where those carrying the ark go six paces and stop to sacrifice.

Nuances

1ato take steps: to walk with deliberate, countable paces
TranslatabilityDirect
2Sa 6:13Pro 7:8Jer 10:5
1bto march out: God advancing like a warrior on the move
Jdg 5:4Psa 68:7(8)Hab 3:12
1cto march someone off: to drive or lead a person along to somewhere they did not choose
Job 18:14
1dto stride out over: of branches spreading across a wall
CertaintyContested
Gen 49:22
Gen 49:22

What Genesis 49:22 describes, and therefore what צָעַד denotes there.

  • majorityThe line is a vine or bough image: בָּנוֹת are its branches, and צָעֲדָה עֲלֵי־שׁוּר means they run or climb over a wall, an extended use of the verb.; BDB, s.v. צָעַד; HALOT, s.v. צעד
  • minorityThe consonantal text is uncertain and the colon depicts wild asses or colts on a hillside rather than branches on a wall, so the verb retains its ordinary sense of striding.; E. A. Speiser, Genesis (Anchor Bible), on Genesis 49:22

What scholars say about tsa'ad

The lexica treat צָעַד as a single root with a narrow range and no serious homonym problem: BDB gives "step, march" for the qal and "cause to march, lead on" for the hiphil of Job 18:14; HALOT and DCH agree, glossing the qal "to step, stride, march" and treating the Job form as causative. The concentration of the verb in the archaic theophany poetry (Judges 5:4; Psalm 68:8 in Hebrew numbering, 68:7 in English; Habakkuk 3:12) is the most discussed feature of its distribution, and is usually explained as belonging to the divine warrior tradition rather than to any inherent sacral value in the lexeme itself; the parallelism with יצא "go out" in Judges 5:4 and Psalm 68 supports reading it simply as purposeful advance. The 2 Samuel 6:13 occurrence is standardly cited with its cognate noun צְעָדִים as a figura etymologica of measured paces. Genesis 49:22 is the one genuinely contested instance: BDB and HALOT retain the vine image and gloss the verb there "run over" of branches, while Speiser and others treat the colon as textually corrupt and reconstruct an equid image, which would leave the verb with its ordinary sense.

Sources

  • BDB, s.v. צָעַדlexicon
  • HALOT, s.v. צעדlexicon
  • DCH, s.v. צעדlexicon
  • NIDOTTE, s.v. צעדdictionary
  • E. A. Speiser, Genesis (Anchor Bible), on Genesis 49:22commentary

All attested forms of צָעַד

qal infinitive-construct construct

צַעְדְּ

Jdg 5:4, Psa 68:7

hiphil conjunctive-imperfect 3fs

וְתַצְעִדֵ

Job 18:14

qal imperfect 2ms

תִּצְעַד

Hab 3:12

qal imperfect 3mp

יִצְעָדוּ

Jer 10:5

qal imperfect 3ms

יִצְעָד

Pro 7:8

qal perfect 3cp

צָעֲדוּ

2Sa 6:13

qal perfect 3fs

צָעֲדָה

Gen 49:22