StrongerBible

tsa'ad

צַעַד

HebrewH6806steps, step, ...

Appears 14 times · tap a cell to see the verses

2Sa 6:132Sa 22:37Job 14:16Job 18:7Job 31:4Job 31:37Job 34:21Psa 18:36(37)Pro 4:12Pro 5:5Pro 16:9Pro 30:29Jer 10:23Lam 4:18
Root family
Word studyTSAH-ahdnoun

What tsa'ad means

a step: one reach of the leg in walking, and so the stride itself or the whole course a person's walking takes

TranslatabilityApproximateCertaintySettled

This is the ordinary Hebrew word for a step, the ground a person covers in one movement of the leg. At its plainest it can be counted off as a measure of distance, as when the men carrying the ark walked six paces and stopped to sacrifice.

Most of its uses describe the quality of someone's walking rather than a distance. A wide step is the picture of strength and safety: God "enlarges" the king's step beneath him so that his ankles never turn. A cramped step is the picture of trouble closing in, as when a confident man discovers that his own powerful strides have been hemmed in. The image works because walking freely, without stumbling or being penned in, was the plainest everyday sign that life was going well.

From there the word stretches to stand for a life as a whole. A person's steps are the record of where they have actually gone, and Job comes back to the thought again and again: God counts his steps, sees every one of them, and Job says he is ready to give the tally himself. The wisdom sayings turn the same picture forward instead of backward. A person plans the route in his own mind, but the actual step taken is settled by God, not by the planner.

What holds these uses together is that in Hebrew a person's steps are never merely physical. The same word that measures six paces of ground can measure a life, which is why it so often sits right next to דֶּרֶךְ, the word for the road or the whole direction someone is travelling. Steps are what a road is made of.

Nuances

1aa pace: one step measured off as a length of ground
TranslatabilityDirect
2Sa 6:13
1ba person's stride: how freely and firmly they walk, wide when life is secure and cramped when it is not
2Sa 22:37Job 18:7Psa 18:36(37)Pro 4:12Pro 30:29
1ca person's steps as a record that someone else counts, sees, or tracks
Job 14:16Job 31:4Job 31:37Job 34:21Lam 4:18
1dwhere a person's steps actually carry them: the real course of a life, whoever planned it
Pro 5:5Pro 16:9Jer 10:23

What scholars say about tsa'ad

צַעַד is a noun of the qatal (segolate) type from the root צעד, alongside the verb צָעַד "to step, march" and the related nouns מִצְעָד and צְעָדָה. BDB, HALOT and DCH agree on a single sense range and divide it between the concrete pace or stride (2 Sam 6:13; 2 Sam 22:37 = Ps 18:37, English 18:36; Job 18:7; Prov 4:12; 30:29) and the plural with pronominal suffix used of a person's course of conduct (Job 14:16; 31:4, 37; 34:21; Prov 5:5; 16:9; Jer 10:23; Lam 4:18). The four sub-senses given here follow that division and further separate two figurative idioms the lexica list together: the Joban formula in which God counts or sees a man's steps (Job 14:16; 31:4; 34:21, with Job 31:37 as Job's own offered accounting), and the wisdom formula in which YHWH establishes them (Prov 16:9; Jer 10:23), the latter shared almost verbatim with מִצְעָד in Ps 37:23 and Prov 20:24. Two of the concrete occurrences share the verb צרר of a step being cramped or hemmed in (Job 18:7, יֵצְרוּ צַעֲדֵי אוֹנוֹ; Prov 4:12, לֹא יֵצַר צַעֲדֶךָ), which BDB and Clines treat as a fixed idiom of restricted movement, the negative counterpart of הִרְחִיב צַעַד in 2 Sam 22:37. In Prov 30:29 the singular stands in pause (צָ֑עַד) parallel to the infinitive לָכֶת, and commentators (Fox) render the phrase adverbially, "stately in stride"; the nominal analysis is nonetheless standard and is what STEPBible's tagging reflects.

Sources

  • HALOT, s.v. צַעַדlexicon
  • BDB, s.v. צַעַדlexicon
  • DCH, s.v. צַעַדlexicon
  • William L. Holladay, A Concise Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1971), s.v. צַעַדlexicon
  • David J. A. Clines, Job 1-20, Word Biblical Commentary 17 (Dallas: Word Books, 1989)commentary
  • Bruce K. Waltke, The Book of Proverbs: Chapters 1-15, New International Commentary on the Old Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2004)commentary
  • Michael V. Fox, Proverbs 10-31, Anchor Yale Bible 18B (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009)commentary

All attested forms of צַעַד

m p construct

צְעָדַי

Job 14:16, Job 31:4, Job 31:37

m s construct

צַעֲדִי

2Sa 22:37, Psa 18:36

m s construct

צַעֲדוֹ

Pro 16:9, Jer 10:23

m p absolute

צְעָדִים

2Sa 6:13

m p construct

צַעֲדֵי

Job 18:7

m p construct

צְעָדֵינוּ

Lam 4:18

m p construct

צְעָדֶיהָ

Pro 5:5

m p construct

צְעָדָיו

Job 34:21

m s absolute

צָעַד

Pro 30:29

m s construct

צַעֲדֶךָ

Pro 4:12