StrongerBible

piqqud

פִּקּוּד

HebrewH6490precept, order

Appears 24 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Psa 19:8(9)Psa 103:18Psa 111:7Psa 119:4Psa 119:15Psa 119:27Psa 119:40Psa 119:45Psa 119:56Psa 119:63Psa 119:69Psa 119:78Psa 119:87Psa 119:93Psa 119:94Psa 119:100Psa 119:104Psa 119:110Psa 119:128Psa 119:134Psa 119:141Psa 119:159Psa 119:168
Root family
Word studyResearch-gradepik-KOODnoun

What piqqud means

an entrusted charge: a directive God has personally laid on his people as their assigned duty.

TranslatabilityPartialCertaintyStrong

This word names one of the eight terms the Psalms use for God's revealed instruction (alongside law, testimony, statute, command, judgment, word, and saying). What sets it apart is its flavor rather than a separate sphere of meaning. It comes from a verb whose core idea is to entrust, commit, or appoint something to someone's care, so the noun points to a charge that has been handed over: not just a rule on a page, but a responsibility placed in your keeping that you are now answerable to carry out. A close relative of the word is used for a deposit left in trust, and a near-identical word in the older language of the region meant "an assignment or commission of office." That is the feel of it: marching orders given by someone with the authority to give them.

The traditional English rendering, "precept," comes by way of the Latin of Jerome, who deliberately kept this word distinct from the ordinary word for "command" (מצוה). The older Greek translation had blurred the two together, and Jerome restored the difference. Modern translators are split: some keep precepts, others prefer orders or decrees to bring out that note of authoritative appointment.

In practice every occurrence sits in worship poetry, almost always in the plural and almost always as God's: your charges, his charges. Most scholars who study Psalm 119 closely conclude that there the eight words for God's instruction are used interchangeably, woven together for the poem's rhythm and devotion rather than to mark off eight separate legal categories. So the wise reading holds two things together: the word carries its own distinctive coloring (a charge entrusted), yet in the Psalms that coloring blends into one rich, repeated portrait of everything God has made known and asks of his people.

Psa 19:8(9)Psa 103:18Psa 111:7Psa 119:4Psa 119:15Psa 119:27Psa 119:40Psa 119:45Psa 119:56Psa 119:63Psa 119:69Psa 119:78

What scholars say about piqqud

The standard lexica converge on a gloss of "precept, charge, thing appointed." BDB derives it from the verb pqd in the sense "appoint, lay upon as a charge, deposit"; HALOT glosses "commands, orders, instructions, precepts" from the sense "commit, charge, entrust"; Gesenius (18th ed.) gives "ordinance, command, prescription," tracing it to "entrust, commission," literally "the thing entrusted." The form belongs to the qittul noun pattern, which GKC (124d) and Joüon-Muraoka (88L) describe as a resultative-passive verbal abstract ("the thing X-ed"), so morphology and meaning align on "the thing committed/charged." The Akkadian cognate noun piqittu ("charge, assignment, appointed delivery") and the Aramaic-Syriac puqdana ("commandment, charge") confirm this trajectory. Among theological dictionaries, Schottroff (TLOT), Andre (TDOT), and Williams (NIDOTTE) stress the personally entrusted character; Williams distinguishes it from choq (engraved decree) and mitzwah (command) on that basis. The word occurs 24 times, all in the Psalter (Pss 19, 103, 111, 119), always plural and almost always suffixed to YHWH; Hurvitz argues its development into the sphere of commanding is a marker of Late Biblical Hebrew under Aramaic influence. On the function of the term within Psalm 119, the dominant modern view (Soll, Freedman, Levenson, Hossfeld-Zenger, the NICOT commentary, Alter, Goldingay) holds that the eight Torah-words operate as a largely interchangeable synonym-set chosen for the acrostic's eightfold matrix and meditative effect rather than for sharp legal differentiation. The ancient versions split: the Septuagint collapsed piqqud and mitzwah into entole, while Jerome's translation from the Hebrew restored the distinction with praecepta (whence English "precept"), and Aquila and the Targum-Peshitta likewise preserved the root-tie.

Where scholars disagree about piqqud

Whether this word carries a distinct technical sense within Psalm 119, or functions as one of eight largely interchangeable words for God's instruction chosen for the poem's acrostic form.

  • majorityThe eight Torah-words function as a largely interchangeable synonym-set; the variation among them is poetic and meditative, not a legal taxonomy, so little is gained by assigning each a separate technical force.; W. Soll, Psalm 119: Matrix, Form, and Setting, CBQMS 23 (1991); D. N. Freedman, Psalm 119: The Exaltation of Torah (1999); J. D. Levenson, "The Sources of Torah" (1987); N. deClaisse-Walford, R. A. Jacobson, B. L. Tanner, The Book of Psalms, NICOT (2014)
  • minorityThe word retains its distinctive etymological flavor, "an entrusted charge," derived from the verb's "appoint, commit, entrust" sense, even within the poem, so its nuance can be marked contextually.; T. F. Williams, "פקד," in NIDOTTE 3:657-663; A. Hakham, Sefer Tehillim, Daʿat Miqra
In-depth research

This is a research paper, so it may be hard to read without scholarly background. It is useful if you want to dig even deeper into this word.

Sources

  • BDB (Brown-Driver-Briggs), s.v. פִּקּוּדlexicon
  • HALOT (Koehler-Baumgartner-Stamm), s.v. פִּקּוּדlexicon
  • Gesenius, Hebraisches und Aramaisches Handworterbuch, 18th ed. (Meyer and Donner), s.v. פִּקּוּדlexicon
  • DCH (Clines, ed.), vol. VI, s.v. פִּקּוּדlexicon
  • W. Schottroff, "פקד pqd," in Theological Lexicon of the Old Testament (TLOT)dictionary
  • G. Andre, "פקד pāqad," in Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament (TDOT) 12dictionary
  • G. Andre, Determining the Destiny: PQD in the Old Testament, ConBOT 16 (1980)monograph
  • T. F. Williams, "פקד," in New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis (NIDOTTE) 3:657-663dictionary
  • Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. Kautzsch, rev. Cowley, §§84b, 124dgrammar
  • P. Joüon and T. Muraoka, A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew, 2nd ed., §88Lgrammar
  • A. Hurvitz, "Continuity and Innovation in Biblical Hebrew," in Studies in Ancient Hebrew Semantics (1995)article
  • W. Soll, Psalm 119: Matrix, Form, and Setting, CBQMS 23 (1991)monograph
  • D. N. Freedman, Psalm 119: The Exaltation of Torah (1999)monograph
  • J. D. Levenson, "The Sources of Torah: Psalm 119 and the Modes of Revelation in Second Temple Judaism" (1987)article
  • N. deClaisse-Walford, R. A. Jacobson, B. L. Tanner, The Book of Psalms, NICOT (2014)commentary
  • F.-L. Hossfeld and E. Zenger, Psalms 3, Hermeneia (2011)commentary
  • J. Goldingay, Psalms, Volume 3: Psalms 90-150 (2008)commentary
  • H.-J. Kraus, Psalms 60-150, Continental Commentary (1989)commentary
  • The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute (CAD), vol. P, s.v. piqittulexicon

All attested forms of פִּקּוּד

m p construct

פִּקּוּדֶיךָ, פִּקֻּדֶיךָ, פִקֻּודֶיךָ

Psa 119:27, Psa 119:63, Psa 119:69, Psa 119:78, Psa 119:93, Psa 119:94, Psa 119:100, Psa 119:104

m p construct

פִּקּוּדֵי

Psa 19:8, Psa 119:128

m p construct

פִקֻּדָיו, פִּקּוּדָיו

Psa 103:18, Psa 111:7