StrongerBible

avat

עָוַת

HebrewH5791pervert, make crooked, ...

Appears 11 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Job 8:3 (2×)Job 19:6Job 34:12Psa 119:78Psa 146:9Ecc 1:15Ecc 7:13Ecc 12:3Lam 3:36Amo 8:5
Root family
Word studyah-VAHTverb

What avat means

to bend something out of its straight shape, and so to twist a verdict, a scale, or a person's rightful claim

TranslatabilityPartialCertaintyStrong

The picture behind this verb is physical. Something straight gets bent, and a bent thing does not go back on its own. Ecclesiastes uses it that plainly, of what is crooked and cannot be straightened, and of strong men stooping in old age. Everywhere else the Bible takes that picture and applies it to conduct, and what gets bent is always something that was supposed to stay straight: a court ruling, a merchant's balance, a person's rightful claim.

That is why the word keeps turning up in arguments about God's fairness. Job's friend Bildad asks whether God bends a verdict, expecting the answer no. Elihu says flatly that the Almighty never does. Job, using the very same verb, charges that God has bent his own case. Amos overhears merchants planning to bend their scales so the weights will lie. In each place the wrong is named by its shape: not so much a rule broken as a straight thing pulled out of line.

The verb does not always accuse. Psalm 146 says the LORD bends the road of the wicked, which is his justice at work rather than an offense, and Ecclesiastes uses it for the plain crookedness of things that nobody can correct. Hebrew has a close relative that runs the other direction, describing a person who bends himself into guilt (עָוָה); this verb almost always has an object outside the one doing the bending.

Nuances

1abent out of its straight shape, so that no one can set it right again
TranslatabilityApproximate
Psa 146:9Ecc 1:15Ecc 7:13
1bto bend over, of a body stooping
TranslatabilityDirect
Ecc 12:3
1cto twist a verdict away from what is right
TranslatabilityApproximate
Job 8:3 (2×)Job 34:12
1dto wrong a person by denying them their rightful case
Job 19:6Psa 119:78Lam 3:36
1eto tamper with scales so that they cheat
TranslatabilityApproximate
Amo 8:5

What scholars say about avat

The lexica are agreed on the root sense: BDB, HALOT and DCH all give עות as "bend, make crooked," attested in the intensive stem with either a concrete object (the bent thing of Ecclesiastes 1:15, the stooping figures of Ecclesiastes 12:3 in the reflexive stem) or an abstract one. The abstract objects fall into a forensic cluster: מִשְׁפָּט and צֶדֶק in Job 8:3 and 34:12, and, with a person as direct object, the sense "subvert someone in his cause" (Job 19:6; Psalm 119:78; Lamentations 3:36, where the object is expressly אָדָם בְּרִיבוֹ). Amos 8:5 extends the same verb to commercial fraud, מֹאזְנֵי מִרְמָה, which Paul treats as part of a stock indictment of falsified weights and measures. The root is formally distinct from עוה but semantically adjacent, and the lexica generally treat the two as parallel developments of a "bend, twist" base rather than as a single root; that etymological question is separate from the well established meaning. In Ecclesiastes, Seow and Fox both read מְעֻוָּת (1:15) and עִוְּתוֹ (7:13) as the incorrigible crookedness of the world as God has ordered it, taking the pairing with תקן "set straight" as the controlling contrast; Psalm 146:9 uniquely makes YHWH the subject with the way of the wicked as object, a judicial rather than an unjust bending.

Sources

  • HALOT, s.v. עותlexicon
  • BDB, s.v. עותlexicon
  • David J. A. Clines (ed.), The Dictionary of Classical Hebrew, s.v. עותlexicon
  • Choon-Leong Seow, Ecclesiastes (Anchor Bible 18C; Doubleday, 1997)commentary
  • Michael V. Fox, A Time to Tear Down and a Time to Build Up: A Rereading of Ecclesiastes (Eerdmans, 1999)monograph
  • Shalom M. Paul, Amos (Hermeneia; Fortress, 1991)commentary
  • David J. A. Clines, Job 1-20 (Word Biblical Commentary 17; Word, 1989)commentary

All attested forms of עָוַת

piel imperfect 3ms

יְעַוֵּת

Job 8:3, Job 8:3, Job 34:12, Psa 146:9

piel infinitive-construct construct

עַוֵּת

Lam 3:36, Amo 8:5

piel perfect 3ms

עִוְּת, עִוְּתָ

Ecc 7:13, Job 19:6

hithpael consecutive-perfect 3cp

וְהִתְעַוְּתוּ

Ecc 12:3

piel perfect 3cp

עִוְּתוּ

Psa 119:78

pual passive-participle m s absolute

מְעֻוָּת

Ecc 1:15