StrongerBible

sam

סַם

HebrewH5561spices, sweet incense, ...

Appears 16 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Exo 25:6Exo 30:7Exo 30:34 (2×)Exo 31:11Exo 35:8Exo 35:15Exo 35:28Exo 37:29Exo 39:38Exo 40:27Lev 4:7Lev 16:12Num 4:162Ch 2:4(3)2Ch 13:11
Word studysahm (plural sam-MEEM)noun

What sam means

fragrant spice: an aromatic ingredient used to make the holy incense

TranslatabilityApproximateCertaintySettled

This word is always plural in the Bible, and it always points to the same thing: the sweet-smelling ingredients that were ground and blended into the sacred incense burned before God. These are perfuming aromatics, gums and resins prized for their scent, not seasonings meant to flavor food.

Almost every time the word appears it sits inside one fixed phrase, "the incense of spices," the standard name for the fragrant incense offered on the golden altar in the tabernacle and temple. Only once does the word step out of that phrase to name the raw materials directly: in Exodus 30:34 God tells Moses to take fragrant spices, then lists them one by one (stacte, onycha, and galbanum) alongside pure frankincense (לְבֹנָה).

So this word names the aromatic components, while the finished, burnable compound they produce is the incense itself (קְטֹרֶת). A closely related word covers the fragrant spices blended instead into the holy anointing oil (בֹּשֶׂם); the two often stand side by side in the same lists of sanctuary materials.

Exo 25:6Exo 30:7Exo 30:34 (2×)Exo 31:11Exo 35:8Exo 35:15Exo 35:28Exo 37:29Exo 39:38Exo 40:27Lev 4:7Lev 16:12

What scholars say about sam

The lexical consensus is firm: BDB and HALOT gloss סַם (almost always the plural סַמִּים) as the aromatic, perfuming ingredients of the sacred incense, occurring overwhelmingly in the construct chain קְטֹרֶת (הַ)סַּמִּים, the incense of spices burned on the golden altar (Exodus 30:7; 40:27; Leviticus 16:12). The one non-formulaic occurrence, Exodus 30:34, names the components directly (נָטָף, שְׁחֵלֶת, חֶלְבְּנָה, alongside frankincense), and commentators such as Cornelis Houtman (Exodus, HCOT) and the incense discussions in Jacob Milgrom (Leviticus 1-16, Anchor Bible) and Menahem Haran (Temples and Temple-Service in Ancient Israel) treat these as fragrant gum-resins compounded for cultic use. The word is generally connected with a wider Semitic term for plants and aromatic or medicinal substances (compare Akkadian šammu, plant, herb, drug); in later Hebrew and Aramaic סַם narrowed toward the sense drug or poison, a development outside the biblical usage. No lexicon records a competing biblical sense.

Sources

  • BDB (Brown-Driver-Briggs), A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament, s.v. סַםlexicon
  • HALOT (Koehler-Baumgartner), The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament, s.v. סַםlexicon
  • Jacob Milgrom, Leviticus 1-16 (Anchor Bible 3), on the incense of Leviticus 16:12-13commentary
  • Cornelis Houtman, Exodus, vol. 3 (Historical Commentary on the Old Testament), on Exodus 30:34-38commentary
  • Menahem Haran, Temples and Temple-Service in Ancient Israel, on the incense of the tabernacle cultmonograph

All attested forms of סַם

m p absolute

סַּמִּים, סַמִּים

Exo 25:6, Exo 31:11, Exo 35:8, Exo 35:15, Exo 35:28, Exo 37:29, Exo 39:38, Lev 4:7