StrongerBible

na'em

נָעֵם

HebrewH5276pleasant, sweet, ...

Appears 8 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Gen 49:152Sa 1:26Psa 141:6Pro 2:10Pro 9:17Pro 24:25Sng 7:6(7)Ezk 32:19
Names & words formed with this
Word studynah-AMEverb

What na'em means

to be delightful: to be lovely, sweet, or agreeable, giving real pleasure to the person who experiences it

TranslatabilityApproximateCertaintySettled

This verb rarely describes a thing on its own. It describes how a thing lands on somebody, and the sentence usually names that somebody: Jonathan was very pleasant "to me," knowledge becomes pleasant "to your soul," and matters turn out pleasant "for those who confront a wrongdoer." The pleasure and the person feeling it are both built into the word.

That is why a single Hebrew verb stretches across things English keeps apart:

  • a person who is a delight to be near, whether a friend being mourned or a lover being praised
  • something taken in, whether wise words, fresh knowledge, or stolen food, that goes down sweet
  • a place or a turn of events that treats a person well

The rest of the word family fills out the same idea. The adjective for "lovely" (נָעִים) calls a person or thing delightful as a standing quality, and the noun for "loveliness" (נֹעַם) names that quality on its own. This verb says it has become true, and become true for someone in particular. Hebrew personal names carry the root as well: Naomi and Naaman both mean roughly "pleasant one."

It helps to hear the verb beside the words it stands next to. Beauty (יָפָה) is about what the eye takes in, and the Song of Songs uses both in one breath. Sweetness (מָתַק) is about taste, and Proverbs pairs the two when it says stolen water is sweet. Goodness (טוֹב) is a verdict about worth, and Genesis pairs them when Issachar sizes up his land. In each pairing the other word rates the thing; this verb reports the pleasure it gives.

Nuances

1ato be lovely and dear: of a person who is a delight to someone else
TranslatabilityPartial
2Sa 1:26Sng 7:6(7)Ezk 32:19
1bto taste sweet: of words, knowledge, or food that goes down well with the one who takes it in
Psa 141:6Pro 2:10Pro 9:17
1cto be agreeable: of a place or a turn of events that treats a person well
Gen 49:15Pro 24:25

What scholars say about na'em

The standard lexica treat נָעֵם as a single root, attested in Biblical Hebrew only in the qal and only eight times, with the sense "be pleasant, lovely, delightful" ranging over persons (2 Samuel 1:26; Song of Songs 7:6 [MT 7:7]; Ezekiel 32:19), speech and knowledge (Psalm 141:6; Proverbs 2:10), food (Proverbs 9:17), land (Genesis 49:15), and circumstance (Proverbs 24:25). BDB, HALOT, and DCH converge on that core; disagreement sits in the etymology and in individual verses. BDB and classic Gesenius anchor the root in Arabic naʿima "be soft, live in ease," while HALOT, Gesenius18, and TDOT foreground the Ugaritic nʿm evidence from Ras Shamra, where the root functions as an epithet of deities and heroes. A proposed second root נעם II ("speak softly, sing") is floated for the adjective in 2 Samuel 23:1 but is not applied to any of the verb's eight occurrences. At verse level, Psalm 141:6 is among the most textually difficult lines in the Psalter (Kraus; Allen), which leaves the referent of the pleasant words open even though the verb's sense is not in question; Ezekiel 32:19 מִמִּי נָעָמְתָּ is rendered either "whom do you surpass in beauty" or "are you more favored than others," with Zimmerli treating the terse taunt as possibly disturbed and Block defending the received text. Fox and Waltke read Proverbs 9:17 as Folly's deliberate echo of Wisdom's banquet, the verb conceding the real attractiveness of illicit pleasure rather than commending it.

Sources

  • BDB, s.v. נָעֵם (H5276)lexicon
  • HALOT, s.v. נעם Ilexicon
  • David J. A. Clines, ed., The Dictionary of Classical Hebrew, vol. Vlexicon
  • Gesenius, Hebräisches und Aramäisches Handwörterbuch über das Alte Testament, 18th ed. (Meyer/Donner)lexicon
  • G. Johannes Botterweck, Helmer Ringgren, et al., eds., Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament (TDOT), vol. IXtheological dictionary
  • P. Kyle McCarter, II Samuel, Anchor Bible 9commentary
  • Walther Zimmerli, Ezekiel 2, Hermeneiacommentary
  • Daniel I. Block, The Book of Ezekiel: Chapters 25 to 48, New International Commentary on the Old Testamentcommentary
  • Michael V. Fox, Proverbs 1-9, Anchor Bible 18Acommentary
  • Bruce K. Waltke, The Book of Proverbs: Chapters 1-15, New International Commentary on the Old Testamentcommentary
  • Leslie C. Allen, Psalms 101-150, Word Biblical Commentary 21commentary
  • Hans-Joachim Kraus, Psalms 60-150, Continental Commentarycommentary
  • Marvin H. Pope, Song of Songs, Anchor Bible 7Ccommentary

All attested forms of נָעֵם

qal imperfect 3ms

יִנְעָם

Pro 2:10, Pro 9:17, Pro 24:25

qal perfect 2ms

נָעַמְתָּ, נָעָמְתָּ

2Sa 1:26, Ezk 32:19

qal perfect 2fs

נָּעַמְתְּ

Sng 7:6

qal perfect 3cp

נָעֵמוּ

Psa 141:6

qal perfect 3fs

נָעֵמָה

Gen 49:15