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matstsah

מַצָּה

HebrewH4682unleavened bread, unleavened cakes, ...

Appears 53 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Gen 19:3Exo 12:8Exo 12:15Exo 12:17Exo 12:18Exo 12:20Exo 12:39Exo 13:6Exo 13:7Exo 23:15 (2×)Exo 29:2 (3×)Exo 29:23Exo 34:18 (2×)Lev 2:4 (2×)Lev 2:5Lev 6:16(9)Lev 8:2Lev 8:26 (2×)Lev 23:6Num 6:17Num 6:19 (2×)Deu 16:16Jdg 6:20Jdg 6:21 (2×)
Root family
Word studymats-TSAHnoun

What matstsah means

unleavened bread: flat bread baked without yeast, so it does not rise

TranslatabilityDirectCertaintySettled

Matstsah is bread made and baked without any leaven (no yeast or fermented dough), so it stays flat and dense instead of rising. In the everyday world of the Hebrew Bible it is the bread you make in a hurry, when there is no time to let dough ferment and rise: Lot bakes it for his two guests at evening (Genesis 19:3), and Gideon brings out unleavened cakes for the visitor under the oak (Judges 6:19-21). Because it can be thrown together fast, it is the natural bread of an unexpected meal.

That same speed is why it became the bread of the Passover and the Feast of Unleavened Bread. Israel left Egypt so quickly that the dough had no time to rise (Exodus 12:39), and ever after the people eat flat bread for seven days to remember that night, deliberately purging all leaven from the house (Exodus 12:15, Deuteronomy 16:3). The word names the bread itself; the festival is named separately by adding the word for feast.

Unleavened bread is also the required bread of the altar. Grain offerings and the bread that accompanies certain sacrifices had to be made without leaven (Leviticus 2:4-5, Leviticus 6:16), and the priests ate it in the holy place (Leviticus 10:12). Throughout, it is one and the same food: plain flat bread, set apart by the absence of yeast rather than by any difference in what it is.

Gen 19:3Exo 12:8Exo 12:15Exo 12:17Exo 12:18Exo 12:20Exo 12:39Exo 13:6Exo 13:7Exo 23:15 (2×)Exo 29:2 (3×)Exo 29:23

What scholars say about matstsah

The lexica treat matstsah as a single, well-defined noun: unleavened bread or cakes (BDB; HALOT, s.v. מַצָּה), the bread of haste (Genesis 19:3; Judges 6:19-21) that becomes the prescribed bread of Passover and the seven-day Feast of Unleavened Bread (Exodus 12; Deuteronomy 16) and the required leaven-free bread of the grain and accompanying offerings (Leviticus 2; 6; Numbers 6). There is no recognized division into distinct senses: the word denotes one food across both everyday and cultic settings, distinguished only by the absence of leaven, in contrast to חָמֵץ and שְׂאֹר. Standard treatments connect its symbolism both to the haste of the exodus and to the avoidance of fermentation as a figure for corruption (TDOT; TWOT).

Sources

  • BDB, s.v. מַצָּהlexicon
  • HALOT, s.v. מַצָּהlexicon
  • TWOT, no. 1166c (מַצָּה)dictionary
  • G. J. Botterweck et al., eds., TDOT, s.v. מַצָּה / matstsahdictionary

All attested forms of מַצָּה

f p absolute

מַצּוֹת, מַּצּוֹת, מַצֹּת

Gen 19:3, Exo 12:8, Exo 12:15, Exo 12:20, Exo 12:39, Exo 13:7, Exo 23:15, Exo 29:2

f s absolute

מַצָּה

Lev 2:5, Lev 8:26, Num 6:19, Num 6:19