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mum

מוּם

HebrewH3971blemish, defect, ...

Appears 21 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Lev 21:17Lev 21:18Lev 21:21 (2×)Lev 21:23Lev 22:20Lev 22:21Lev 22:25Lev 24:19Lev 24:20Num 19:2Deu 15:21Deu 32:5Job 11:15Job 31:7Pro 9:7Sng 4:7
Root family
Word studymoomnoun

What mum means

a blemish: a physical defect or moral fault that mars someone or something otherwise whole.

TranslatabilityDirectCertaintySettled

At its heart this word names a flaw that spoils something otherwise whole. Most often it is a bodily defect: a broken bone, a blind eye, a deformity, anything that mars a body.

The word does its heaviest work in Israel's worship. An animal brought to the altar had to be perfect, and a priest who served there had to be sound in body; a single defect ruled either one out. So "without blemish" became a kind of stamp of fitness for holy use.

Away from the altar the same word simply describes bodily perfection. Absalom was famously handsome with no flaw from head to foot, the beloved in the Song is called flawless, and Daniel's young men were chosen partly for being without defect.

From there the word stretches naturally to the inner life. A clear conscience is a pair of hands with no stain on them; a corrupt generation is marked by its fault. English does the same thing when it speaks of a blot on someone's character, which is why the Greek μῶμος that later renders this word can mean both a bodily defect and a disgrace.

Nuances

1aa bodily defect that disqualifies an animal for sacrifice or a priest for service at the altar.
Lev 21:17Lev 21:18Lev 21:21 (2×)Lev 21:23Lev 22:20Lev 22:21Lev 22:25Num 19:2Deu 15:21Deu 17:1
1ba bodily flaw or defect that mars physical wholeness, apart from the sacrificial setting.
Lev 24:19Lev 24:202Sa 14:25Sng 4:7Dan 1:4
1ca moral fault or stain on a person's character.
Deu 32:5Job 11:15Job 31:7Pro 9:7

What scholars say about mum

The standard lexicons (HALOT, BDB, DCH) agree on the sense "blemish, defect," chiefly physical and by extension moral. The word is concentrated in the Priestly legislation of Leviticus and Numbers, where an unblemished (tamim) animal and a physically sound priest are prerequisites for approach to the altar; Milgrom's Leviticus commentary treats the blemish list of Leviticus 21 in detail. Outside the cultic sphere it denotes bodily perfection (2 Samuel 14:25; Song 4:7; Daniel 1:4) and, in the wisdom and poetic texts, moral fault (Job 11:15; 31:7; Proverbs 9:7). The two spellings maum (מאום) and mum (מום) are byforms of a single word. Deuteronomy 32:5 is textually and syntactically the hardest occurrence, and commentators such as Tigay note both the difficulty and the wide divergence among the ancient versions. The Septuagint regularly renders the word with momos, the counterpart taken up in the New Testament at 2 Peter 2:13.

Sources

  • HALOT (Koehler-Baumgartner), s.v. מוּםlexicon
  • BDB (Brown-Driver-Briggs), s.v. מְאוּםlexicon
  • DCH (Clines, ed.), s.v. מוּםlexicon
  • New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis (NIDOTTE), s.v. מוםdictionary
  • Jacob Milgrom, Leviticus 1-16, Anchor Bible (1991)commentary
  • Jeffrey H. Tigay, Deuteronomy, JPS Torah Commentary (1996)commentary

All attested forms of מוּם

m s absolute

מוּם, וּמוּם, מֻאוּם, מִמּוּם

Lev 21:17, Lev 21:18, Lev 21:21, Lev 21:21, Lev 21:23, Lev 22:20, Lev 22:21, Lev 22:25

m s construct

מוּמָם

Deu 32:5

m s construct

מוּמוֹ

Pro 9:7