StrongerBible

kaphtor

כַּפְתּוֹר

HebrewH3730capital, bulb, ...

Appears 18 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Exo 25:31Exo 25:33 (2×)Exo 25:34Exo 25:35 (3×)Exo 25:36Exo 37:17Exo 37:19 (2×)Exo 37:20Exo 37:21 (3×)Exo 37:22Amo 9:1Zep 2:14
Root family
Word studykaf-TORnoun

What kaphtor means

a rounded knob on something upright: the bulb-like ornaments of the tabernacle lampstand, and the shaped top of a pillar

TranslatabilityPartialCertaintyStrong

This is a craftsman's word for a rounded swelling worked onto something that stands upright. It shows up in only twelve verses, and they fall into two settings: the golden lampstand of the tabernacle, and the top of a pillar in a building.

Ten of the twelve verses describe the lampstand. Exodus pictures it as a tree of hammered gold: a base, a central shaft, six branches, and along them cups shaped like almond blossoms, each cup paired with one of these knobs and a flower. One knob sits under each pair of branches, right where they leave the shaft, so it reads like a bud or a joint bulging out of a stem. Nothing is glued or fastened on. The knobs, the branches and the cups are all beaten out of one single piece of gold, which is why the text keeps saying they are "of one piece with it".

The other two verses are about buildings, and there the standard English word is "capital", the block that finishes off the top of a column. In Amos the Lord stands by the altar and gives the order to strike this piece so that the thresholds below shake, top and bottom of the building shuddering together. In Zephaniah, wild birds settle down for the night on these tops in a city that has been emptied out. For that kind of pillar top there is a more common Hebrew word (כֹּתֶרֶת), and this one steps in only twice.

What holds the two settings together is a shape rather than a place. In both, the word names the swelling at the top or at the joint of something standing up, so the same term can serve a piece of sacred furniture and a stone building without shifting its sense.

Nuances

1aone of the rounded knobs on the golden lampstand, set among its blossom-shaped cups and flowers
Exo 25:31Exo 25:33 (2×)Exo 25:34Exo 25:35 (3×)Exo 25:36Exo 37:17Exo 37:19 (2×)Exo 37:20Exo 37:21 (3×)Exo 37:22
1bthe capital: the shaped top of a pillar or column in a building
TranslatabilityDirect
Amo 9:1Zep 2:14

What scholars say about kaphtor

The standard lexica treat כַּפְתֹּר as one noun with two applications: the capital of a column (Amos 9:1; Zephaniah 2:14) and the bulb or calyx of the tabernacle menorah (Exodus 25:31-36; 37:17-22). BDB, HALOT and DCH all keep it under a single entry, so the difference between the two settings is one of referent rather than of homonymy. The derivation is left open: BDB records the older proposal that the ornament was named from Caphtor, and later lexicography does not press it. For the Exodus material the fullest study is Carol Meyers's monograph on the tabernacle menorah, which reads the repeated sequence of cup, kaphtor and blossom as a stylized floral or arboreal motif with parallels in Late Bronze and Iron Age metalwork; Propp's Anchor Yale commentary surveys the competing reconstructions of the lampstand's parts and the sense of the accompanying מִקְשָׁה ("hammered work"). On Amos 9:1, Paul and Wolff both weigh whether the kaphtor struck at the Lord's command is a column capital or the lintel of a doorway, the rendering preserved in the King James Version; the parallel with הַסִּפִּים ("thresholds") in the same line is the pivot of the argument on either side. Berlin's commentary on Zephaniah 2:14 takes the plural there as the capitals of the ruined city's columns, the perch for the birds of the following clause.

Sources

  • HALOT, s.v. כַּפְתֹּרlexicon
  • BDB, s.v. כַּפְתֹּרlexicon
  • DCH, vol. 4, s.v. כַּפְתֹּרlexicon
  • Carol L. Meyers, The Tabernacle Menorah: A Synthetic Study of a Symbol from the Biblical Cult (ASOR Dissertation Series 2; Missoula: Scholars Press, 1976)monograph
  • William H. C. Propp, Exodus 19-40 (Anchor Yale Bible 2A; New York: Doubleday, 2006), on Exodus 25:31-40commentary
  • Shalom M. Paul, Amos (Hermeneia; Minneapolis: Fortress, 1991), on Amos 9:1commentary
  • Hans Walter Wolff, Joel and Amos (Hermeneia; Philadelphia: Fortress, 1977), on Amos 9:1commentary
  • Adele Berlin, Zephaniah (Anchor Bible 25A; New York: Doubleday, 1994), on Zephaniah 2:14commentary

All attested forms of כַּפְתּוֹר

m s absolute

כַּפְתֹּר, כַּפְתּוֹר

Exo 25:33, Exo 25:33, Exo 25:35, Exo 25:35, Exo 25:35, Exo 37:19, Exo 37:19, Exo 37:21

m p construct

כַּפְתֹּרֶיהָ

Exo 25:31, Exo 25:34, Exo 37:17, Exo 37:20, Zep 2:14

m p construct

כַּפְתֹּרֵיהֶם

Exo 25:36, Exo 37:22