StrongerBible

kelimmah

כְּלִמָּה

HebrewH3639disgrace, shame, ...

Appears 30 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Job 20:3Psa 4:2(3)Psa 35:26Psa 44:15(16)Psa 69:7(8)Psa 69:19(20)Psa 71:13Psa 109:29Pro 18:13Isa 30:3Isa 45:16Isa 50:6Isa 61:7Jer 3:25Jer 20:11Jer 51:51Ezk 16:52 (2×)Ezk 16:54Ezk 16:63Ezk 32:24Ezk 32:25Ezk 32:30Ezk 34:29Ezk 36:6Ezk 36:7Ezk 36:15Ezk 39:26Ezk 44:13Mic 2:6
Root family
Word studykeh-lim-MAHnoun

What kelimmah means

public disgrace: the humiliation of being dishonored before others, and the insults and abuse that bring it about.

TranslatabilityPartialCertaintySettled

This word is about a person's standing in the eyes of other people, not a private feeling of guilt. It names the loss of honor that happens out in the open, before family, enemies, or the whole community. In a world where public honor was one of a person's most valuable possessions, being disgraced this way was among the heaviest things anyone could suffer, which is why it fills the prayers of people begging God to rescue them from it.

The word covers two closely tied shades. One is the disgraced condition itself, the humiliation a person or a nation carries or is covered with, the way clothing covers a body. The other is the insult that inflicts it: the taunt, the mocking, the physical abuse like spitting that is meant to shame someone in front of others. The first is the state; the second is the act that produces it. They belong together because both are about honor stripped away in public.

It appears most often in two settings. In the Psalms it is what enemies try to pour on the person praying, turning their honor into disgrace, and what the sufferer asks God to turn back on those enemies instead. In Ezekiel it becomes almost a refrain: the nations must bear their disgrace, and God promises that his people will no longer have to carry the shame heaped on them by the surrounding nations. The Bible often pairs it with the ordinary word for shame to drive the point home.

Nuances

1athe disgraced condition itself: public humiliation and dishonor, the shame a person or nation bears or is covered with before others.
Psa 4:2(3)Psa 35:26Psa 44:15(16)Psa 69:7(8)Psa 69:19(20)Psa 71:13Psa 109:29Pro 18:13Isa 30:3Isa 45:16Isa 61:7Jer 3:25
1bthe insult or reproach directed at someone: the shaming words and humiliating treatment that inflict dishonor.
Job 20:3Isa 50:6Mic 2:6

What scholars say about kelimmah

The standard critical lexicons (HALOT, BDB, DCH) agree on the sense of this feminine noun, derived from the root klm (verb H3637): insult, reproach, disgrace, ignominy. BDB distinguishes an active nuance (insult, the reproach inflicted) from a resultant one (the ignominy or dishonor suffered), the basis for the two senses given here, though the distinction is a matter of shading rather than a settled scholarly division. The term belongs to the honor-and-shame framework of ancient Israelite society analyzed by Bechtel and Stiebert, in which public disgrace functioned as a powerful social sanction. It clusters with the near-synonyms boshet (H1322) and cherpah (H2781), with which it is frequently paired in synonymous parallelism (e.g. Psalm 69:19). It is especially concentrated in Ezekiel, where the recurring formula of nations and Israel bearing their kelimmah, and the reversal oracles promising that Israel will no longer bear the reproach of the nations (Ezekiel 34:29; 36:6-7, 15), give it a distinct theological weight. Micah 2:6 is textually and lexically difficult, and the reference of the plural form there is uncertain.

Sources

  • HALOT (Koehler-Baumgartner), s.v. כְּלִמָּהlexicon
  • BDB (Brown-Driver-Briggs), s.v. כְּלִמָּהlexicon
  • DCH (Clines, ed.), s.v. כְּלִמָּהlexicon
  • Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament (TWOT), s.v. כלםdictionary
  • New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis (NIDOTTE), s.v. כלםdictionary
  • Lyn M. Bechtel, "Shame as a Sanction of Social Control in Biblical Israel: Judicial, Political, and Social Shaming," JSOT 49 (1991): 47-76article
  • Johanna Stiebert, The Construction of Shame in the Hebrew Bible: The Prophetic Contribution (Sheffield Academic Press, 2002)monograph

All attested forms of כְּלִמָּה

f s absolute

כְּלִמָּה

Psa 4:2, Psa 35:26, Psa 69:7, Psa 71:13, Psa 109:29, Pro 18:13, Isa 30:3, Isa 45:16

f s construct

כְּלִמָּתָם

Ezk 32:24, Ezk 32:25, Ezk 32:30, Ezk 36:7, Ezk 39:26, Ezk 44:13

f s construct

כְּלִמַּת

Jer 20:11, Ezk 34:29, Ezk 36:6, Ezk 36:15

f s construct

כְּלִמָּתֵךְ

Ezk 16:52, Ezk 16:52, Ezk 16:54, Ezk 16:63

f s construct

כְּלִמָּתִי

Job 20:3, Psa 44:15, Psa 69:19

f p absolute

כְּלִמּוֹת

Isa 50:6, Mic 2:6

f s construct

כְּלִמָּתֵנוּ

Jer 3:25