StrongerBible

dever

דֶּבֶר

HebrewH1698pestilence, plague

Appears 49 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Exo 5:3Exo 9:3Exo 9:15Lev 26:25Num 14:12Deu 28:212Sa 24:132Sa 24:151Ki 8:371Ch 21:121Ch 21:142Ch 6:282Ch 7:132Ch 20:9Psa 91:3Jer 21:9Jer 24:10Jer 27:13Jer 28:8Jer 29:17Jer 29:18Jer 32:24Jer 32:36Jer 38:2Jer 42:17Hos 13:14
Word studyDEH-vernoun

What dever means

pestilence: a deadly epidemic disease, almost always pictured as a judgment God sends on a people

TranslatabilityPartialCertaintySettled

Deber names a lethal outbreak of disease that sweeps through a population, what older English Bibles call "the pestilence" and we might call a plague or an epidemic. It is not an ordinary illness in one person; it is a mass killer that empties cities and decimates flocks, and in the Bible it is nearly always understood as something God sends or withholds rather than a random misfortune.

The word lives in a fixed company. Again and again it appears as the third member of a grim trio: sword, famine, and pestilence. Together these three sum up the ways a nation dies in war, by the enemy's blade, by the starvation of a siege, and by the disease that breeds in besieged and ruined places. The prophets Jeremiah and Ezekiel use the trio almost as a refrain for the fall of Jerusalem, and the same threat anchors the warnings of the Law and the temple-dedication prayer that asks God to relent when pestilence comes.

Because the meaning holds steady across every passage, this is treated as a single sense. The shadings are matters of setting, not of separate definitions: the same word covers the disease that strikes Egypt's livestock, the outbreak that follows David's census, and the terror that "walks in darkness" in the Ninety-first Psalm. In every case it is the same thing, a deadly contagion in God's hand.

Exo 5:3Exo 9:3Exo 9:15Lev 26:25Num 14:12Deu 28:212Sa 24:132Sa 24:151Ki 8:371Ch 21:121Ch 21:142Ch 6:28

What scholars say about dever

The lexica are unanimous that deber denotes "pestilence, plague," i.e. epidemic disease, with HALOT, BDB, and DCH all recognizing a single lexeme (distinct from the homograph dabar, "word"). The semantic profile is dominated by the formulaic triad sword (herev), famine (ra'av), and pestilence (deber), especially concentrated in Jeremiah and Ezekiel as a stereotyped judgment formula on Jerusalem; TDOT (s.v.) and the standard commentaries treat the disease as a covenant curse and an instrument of divine action rather than a value-neutral epidemiological term. Cognates are noted in other Semitic languages (e.g. Ugaritic dbr, and the West Semitic plague-deity Deber alongside Resheph), which informs the much-discussed personification in Habakkuk 3:5 and Psalm 78:50. The single genuine crux is Hosea 13:14, where the plural construct devareka is read by some as "your plagues/pestilences" (so the Masoretic vocalization and the traditional rendering) and by others as "your thorns/stings" or otherwise emended; the major lexica still list the verse under deber while flagging the uncertainty.

Where scholars disagree about dever

The reading of the plural form devareka in Hosea 13:14, traditionally "your plagues/pestilences" (O Death, where are your plagues?), which some scholars instead emend or derive differently (e.g. "your thorns/stings").

  • majorityThe Masoretic vocalization belongs to deber "pestilence," so the line reads "your plagues, O Death," and the verse is listed under this lemma.; HALOT, s.v. דֶּבֶר; BDB, s.v. דֶּבֶר
  • minorityThe form should be read or emended away from "pestilence" (e.g. as "thorns/stings" or a different root), making the verse an uncertain witness for this word.; DCH, s.v. דֶּבֶר

Sources

  • HALOT, s.v. דֶּבֶרlexicon
  • BDB, s.v. דֶּבֶרlexicon
  • DCH, s.v. דֶּבֶרlexicon
  • G. Mayer, "דֶּבֶר deber," in Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament (TDOT)dictionary

All attested forms of דֶּבֶר

m s absolute

דֶּבֶר, דָּבֶר

Exo 5:3, Exo 9:3, Lev 26:25, Num 14:12, 2Sa 24:13, 2Sa 24:15, 1Ki 8:37, 1Ch 21:12

m p construct

דְבָרֶיךָ

Hos 13:14

m s construct

דֶּבֶר

Psa 91:3