StrongerBible

gedi

גְּדִי

HebrewH1423kid, young goat

Appears 16 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Gen 27:9Gen 27:16Gen 38:17Gen 38:20Gen 38:23Exo 23:19Exo 34:26Deu 14:21Jdg 6:19Jdg 13:15Jdg 13:19Jdg 14:6Jdg 15:11Sa 10:31Sa 16:20Isa 11:6
Root family
Names & words formed with this
Word studyResearch-gradegheh-DEEnoun

What gedi means

a kid: a young male goat, still young enough to be at its mother's milk

TranslatabilityDirectCertaintySettled

The word names the ordinary young male goat, the small animal of everyday household life. Hebrew keeps a precise vocabulary for goats: the general word covering goats of any age or sex is עֵז, the mature shaggy male is שָׂעִיר, and the full-grown buck is תַּיִשׁ. A kid sits at the young end of that range, and it turns up most often in the fixed phrase "kid of the goats," which simply pins down the species.

Because a kid feeds a small group at a single meal and costs little, it became the natural gift and unit of exchange in Israel's stories. It is the meal set before a divine visitor (Gideon and Manoah each prepare one), the promised payment Judah sends to Tamar, the tribute a father sends to the king, and the offering a pilgrim carries to the shrine. Its small size also made it a picture of helplessness: Samson tears a lion apart "as one tears a kid," and Isaiah's vision of peace lays the leopard down beside the kid, the classic easy prey now safe.

The same little animal stands at the center of one of the Bible's most argued laws, the command not to boil a kid in its mother's milk (Exodus 23:19; 34:26; Deuteronomy 14:21). The argument is about what the law means, not about what the word means: in all three verses the word is simply the young goat. Its female counterpart, the she-kid (transliterated "gediyyah"), appears just once, in Song of Songs 1:8.

Gen 27:9Gen 27:16Gen 38:17Gen 38:20Gen 38:23Exo 23:19Exo 34:26Deu 14:21Jdg 6:19Jdg 13:15Jdg 13:19Jdg 14:6

What scholars say about gedi

The lexica are unanimous that גְּדִי denotes a young (usually male) goat, and the comparative Semitic evidence is exceptionally secure: BDB (152), HALOT (I:178), DCH (II:320), TWOT #314b, and NIDOTTE #1531 (I:835-836, which stresses the animal's hospitality and economic role) all agree, and HALOT reconstructs Proto-Semitic *gady- with cognates in Ugaritic, Aramaic, Arabic, Akkadian (a West Semitic loan, per CAD G:9), Phoenician, and Ethiopic. The older "from browsing" derivation preserved in Strong's is a folk etymology retired by the 18th edition of Gesenius. Within the caprine/ovine field the word is discriminated by age, sex, and species from עֵז (the general term), שָׂעִיר and תַּיִשׁ and עַתּוּד (mature males), and the ovine כֶּבֶשׂ, טָלֶה, and species-neutral שֶׂה. The interpretive weight falls on the thrice-repeated prohibition לֹא־תְבַשֵּׁל גְּדִי בַּחֲלֵב אִמּוֹ (Exod 23:19; 34:26; Deut 14:21). The long-dominant anti-Canaanite-ritual reading (Ginsberg, Cassuto, de Vaux, Cross, Childs) rested on Virolleaud's conjectural restoration of KTU 1.23:14, which Ratner and Zuckerman (HUCA 57 [1986]: 15-60) falsified epigraphically from new photographs; Milgrom (Leviticus 1-16, AB 3, 737-742) and later Ugaritologists (Pardee, M. S. Smith, Yogev, UF 50 [2019]) treat the parallel as void. The readings still in play are the humanitarian ethic (Philo; Haran, JJS 30 [1979]: 23-35), Milgrom's and Douglas's life-versus-death category separation, Carmichael's firstfruits reading (HTR 69 [1976]: 1-7), and Schorch's philological revival of "a kid still at its mother's milk" (VT 60 [2010]: 116-130); Keel (OBO 33) preserves only a general iconographic form of the old view, and Propp (AB Exodus 19-40, 283-286) records a candid stalemate. The Septuagint renders the word ἔριφος (diminutive ἐρίφιον), a rendering Luz (Matthew 21-28, Hermeneia, 276-277) marshals to show that the "goats" of Matthew 25:32-33 are young caprines, not mature bucks, and that carries the word into Luke 15:29.

In-depth research

This is a research paper, so it may be hard to read without scholarly background. It is useful if you want to dig even deeper into this word.

Sources

  • Ludwig Koehler and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament (HALOT), I:178, s.v. גְּדִיlexicon
  • Francis Brown, S. R. Driver, C. A. Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (BDB), 152lexicon
  • David J. A. Clines, ed., The Dictionary of Classical Hebrew (DCH), II:320lexicon
  • Willem A. VanGemeren, ed., New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis (NIDOTTE), I:835-836 (#1531)theological-dictionary
  • Jacob Milgrom, Leviticus 1-16, Anchor Bible 3 (New York: Doubleday, 1991), 737-742commentary
  • Robert J. Ratner and Bruce Zuckerman, "'A Kid in Milk'?: New Photographs of KTU 1.23, Line 14," Hebrew Union College Annual 57 (1986): 15-60article
  • Menahem Haran, "Seething a Kid in Its Mother's Milk," Journal of Jewish Studies 30 (1979): 23-35article
  • Stefan Schorch, "'A Young Goat in Its Mother's Milk'? Understanding an Ancient Prohibition," Vetus Testamentum 60 (2010): 116-130article
  • Calum M. Carmichael, "On Separating Life and Death," Harvard Theological Review 69 (1976): 1-7article
  • Othmar Keel, Das Böcklein in der Milch seiner Mutter, OBO 33 (Fribourg/Göttingen, 1980)monograph
  • William H. C. Propp, Exodus 19-40, Anchor Yale Bible 2A (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006), 283-286, 610-613commentary
  • Ulrich Luz, Matthew 21-28: A Commentary, Hermeneia (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2005), 276-277commentary

All attested forms of גְּדִי

m s construct

גְּדִי

Gen 38:17, Gen 38:20, Jdg 6:19, Jdg 13:15, Jdg 13:19, Jdg 15:1, 1Sa 16:20

m s absolute

גְּדִי

Gen 38:23, Exo 23:19, Exo 34:26, Deu 14:21, Jdg 14:6, Isa 11:6

m p construct

גְּדָיֵי

Gen 27:9, Gen 27:16

m p absolute

גְדָיִים

1Sa 10:3