StrongerBible

bar

בַּר

AramaicH1251field, wild, ...

Appears 8 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Dan 2:38Dan 4:12(9)Dan 4:15(12)Dan 4:21(18)Dan 4:23(20) (2×)Dan 4:25(22)Dan 4:32(29)
Word studyBAHRnoun

What bar means

the open country: unplowed, unfenced land beyond the settlements, where wild animals live and feed

TranslatabilityApproximateCertaintySettled

This Aramaic word names the land outside. Past the last house and the last plowed row lies country that nobody has claimed, planted, or walled in, where whatever grows comes up on its own and the animals answer to no one. That is what this word points at.

Every one of its eight appearances sits in one of two set phrases, and both draw the same picture:

  • "the beasts of the field", meaning the wild animals that no herdsman keeps and no king commands
  • "the grass of the field", meaning the rough pasture those animals feed on

So when Daniel says that Nebuchadnezzar will be driven out to live with the animals of the open country and eat grass like an ox, this small word carries the weight of the sentence. The king is not being sent to work a farm. He is being put outside the human world altogether, past the edge of everything a city and a palace stand for, and the same phrase that once named the creatures he ruled over now names his companions.

The boundary is what makes the word useful. The broader Aramaic word for the earth or the ground (אֲרַע) covers everything, settled land and wild land together; this one names only the part beyond the settlements. Hebrew does the same work with its own word for the field (שָׂדֶה), which builds the very same phrase about the beasts of the field.

Dan 2:38Dan 4:12(9)Dan 4:15(12)Dan 4:21(18)Dan 4:23(20) (2×)Dan 4:25(22)Dan 4:32(29)

What scholars say about bar

HALOT and BDB (Aramaic section) give Biblical Aramaic בַּר as a noun for the open field or open country, and both note that all eight occurrences stand in the determined form בָּרָא inside two fixed collocations in Daniel: חֵיוַת בָּרָא, the beasts of the field (Daniel 2:38; 4:12, 21, 23, 25, 32 in English versification), and דִּתְאָא דִּי בָרָא, the grass of the field (4:15, 23). The noun is normally connected with the Aramaic use of בַּר for what lies outside, seen in the preposition לְבַר and continued in Syriac barrā, open country, alongside l-bar, outside; it is a homograph of Aramaic בַּר, son (H1247), and of Hebrew בַּר, threshed grain (H1250), with which it has no etymological connection. Whether Hebrew ever borrowed the noun is a separate and disputed question: HALOT, DCH, and commentators on Job (Pope, Clines) recognize it at Job 39:4, where older versions construed the same consonants as the grain word; that debate concerns the Hebrew text, not the settled Aramaic usage in Daniel. The Greek versions of Daniel render the phrase with ἀγρός, aligning the word with Hebrew שָׂדֶה, and commentators on Daniel (Collins, Goldingay) read the collocation as marking the boundary of the ordered human realm from which Nebuchadnezzar is expelled and to which he is restored.

Sources

  • HALOT (Koehler-Baumgartner), s.v. בַּר (Aramaic)lexicon
  • BDB (Brown-Driver-Briggs), Aramaic section, s.v. בַּרlexicon
  • DCH (Clines, ed.), s.v. בַּרlexicon
  • John J. Collins, Daniel, Hermeneia (1993)commentary
  • John E. Goldingay, Daniel, Word Biblical Commentary 30 (1989)commentary

All attested forms of בַּר

c s determined

בָּרָא

Dan 2:38, Dan 4:12, Dan 4:15, Dan 4:21, Dan 4:23, Dan 4:23, Dan 4:25, Dan 4:32