StrongerBible

bar

בַּר

HebrewH1249pure, clear, ...

Appears 7 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Job 11:4Psa 19:8(9)Psa 24:4Psa 73:1Pro 14:4Sng 6:9Sng 6:10
Root family
Word studyResearch-gradeBARadjective

What bar means

sifted clean: someone or something so refined of all that does not belong that it stands out as pure, sincere, choice, or shining

TranslatabilityPartialCertaintyStrong

This is a rare, poetic word, found only seven times and only in the songs and wisdom books, never in the law, the prophets, or in plain narrative. It is not the usual term for being ritually clean (that role belongs to a different word טהור). Instead it lives in lyric and reflective writing, and it draws all of its color from one underlying picture: grain being sifted and winnowed until only the good kernels are left.

That single picture throws off several related shades of meaning.

  • A heart that has been sifted clean of pretense is sincere and wholly devoted (Psalm 24:4; 73:1).
  • A person sifted of guilt is morally innocent (Job 11:4).
  • A daughter singled out from all the rest is the choice, favored one (Song of Songs 6:9).
  • Something polished or refined gleams, so the same word can mean "bright" and "radiant," like the sun or like God's clear commands (Song of Songs 6:10; Psalm 19:8).
  • Even the one concrete use, a feeding trough that is clean because it is empty (Proverbs 14:4), comes back to the same idea of having nothing left in it but what belongs.

These are not separate, unrelated meanings but facets of a single act: to be sifted out is at once to be made pure, to be set apart, and to be shown off as the best. Song of Songs 6 even plays on two of these shades two verses apart, calling the beloved both the chosen one and the radiant one. So while a translator must reach for different English words depending on the verse, the word itself keeps one steady center.

Nuances

1apure of heart: sincere and wholly devoted, with nothing false mixed in
Psa 24:4Psa 73:1
1bmorally innocent: clean in God's sight, free of guilt
Job 11:4
1cbright and clear: radiant, with the gleam of something polished or refined
Psa 19:8(9)Sng 6:10
1dchoice: the singled-out, favored one, picked out above all the rest
Sng 6:9
1eclean in the sense of empty: a feeding trough with nothing left in it
Pro 14:4

What scholars say about bar

The seven uncontested occurrences are confined to poetry (Psalms, Job, Song of Songs, Proverbs); the word is not a Priestly purity term. BDB, HALOT, DCH, Gesenius18, TDOT (Andre on the root barar), TLOT (Westermann), and NIDOTTE (Wakely) derive the adjective from the verb barar (to sift, winnow, select, purify) and recognize a fan of related nuances: morally pure or sincere (Ps 24:4; 73:1; Job 11:4), bright or clear (Ps 19:9 MT, paired with the luminous "enlightening the eyes"), choice or select (Song 6:9, with the threefold "one/unique"), radiant (Song 6:10, the simile "bright as the sun"), and concretely clean or empty (Prov 14:4). Commentators are near-unanimous that the Psalmic and Joban uses denote inward moral integrity and undivided devotion rather than ritual cleanness (Kraus, Hossfeld-Zenger, Goldingay, Craigie, deClaisse-Walford/Jacobson/Tanner on the Psalms; Clines, Pope, Habel, Hartley on Job, where bar parallels tam and zak). The word's nearest kin are zak, tam, yashar, and naqi, not tahor. Comparative Semitic evidence (Ugaritic brr "purified," Arabic birr "piety," Aramaic/Syriac brr "clarify/sincere," Geez and Sabaic) supports the "pure" value as a primary West Semitic meaning; the proposed link to Akkadian bararu "to flicker, shine" is classed as dubious by the SAHD project, AHw, and SED. The grain homograph H1250 is plausibly the winnowed product of the same root (Klein, Gesenius, BDB), while Aramaic bar "son" and Hebrew bar "open field" are independent homophones.

Where scholars disagree about bar

Whether Psalm 2:12's phrase nashshequ-bar uses this adjective ("kiss the pure/chosen one" or "pay sincere homage"), the Aramaic word for "son" ("kiss the son"), or a corrupt text best emended to "kiss his feet." The verse is not among the seven undisputed occurrences and so is not classified here, but lexicons divide over whether it belongs to this word at all.

  • contestedAramaic "son" ("kiss the son"), connecting to the declaration "you are my son" earlier in the psalm.; Peter C. Craigie, Psalms 1-50 (WBC); H. G. M. Williamson (2022)
  • contestedThis Hebrew adjective used as a noun, "kiss the pure/chosen one" or adverbially "pay sincere homage"; preferred by the ancient Greek and Latin versions (Aquila, Symmachus, Jerome) and several modern translations.; NJPS; NET; John Goldingay, Psalms (Baker)
  • contestedThe text is corrupt and should be emended to "kiss his feet," a known gesture of submission, though no manuscript or version supports it.; Hans-Joachim Kraus, Psalms (BKAT); Frank-Lothar Hossfeld and Erich Zenger, Psalms (Hermeneia)
In-depth research

This is a research paper, so it may be hard to read without scholarly background. It is useful if you want to dig even deeper into this word.

Sources

  • BDB, s.v. בַּרlexicon
  • HALOT, s.v. בַּר Ilexicon
  • DCH, s.v. בַּרlexicon
  • G. André, "בָּרַר," TDOTdictionary
  • C. Westermann, "ברר," TLOTdictionary
  • Robin Wakely, "בָּרַר/בַּר," NIDOTTEdictionary
  • Hans-Joachim Kraus, Psalms (BKAT)commentary
  • Frank-Lothar Hossfeld and Erich Zenger, Psalms 2 (Hermeneia)commentary
  • John Goldingay, Psalms (Baker)commentary
  • Peter C. Craigie, Psalms 1-50 (WBC)commentary
  • David J. A. Clines, Job 1-20 (WBC)commentary
  • Bruce K. Waltke, The Book of Proverbs (NICOT)commentary
  • Marvin H. Pope, Song of Songs (Anchor Bible)commentary
  • G. del Olmo Lete and J. Sanmartín, A Dictionary of the Ugaritic Language (DULAT3)lexicon

All attested forms of בַּר

f s absolute

בָּרָה

Psa 19:8, Sng 6:9, Sng 6:10

m s absolute

בַר, בָּר

Job 11:4, Pro 14:4

m p construct

בָרֵי

Psa 73:1

m s construct

בַר

Psa 24:4