StrongerBible

bar

בַּר

AramaicH1247son, child

Appears 19 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Ezr 5:1Ezr 5:2 (2×)Ezr 6:9Ezr 6:10Ezr 6:14Ezr 6:16 (2×)Ezr 7:23Dan 2:25Dan 2:38Dan 3:25Dan 5:13Dan 5:21Dan 5:22Dan 5:31(6:1)Dan 6:13(14)Dan 6:24(25)Dan 7:13
Word studyBARnoun

What bar means

son: a male child or descendant, and by extension one who belongs to a group or shares a quality

TranslatabilityPartialCertaintySettled

This is the ordinary Aramaic word for "son", the exact counterpart of the Hebrew בֵּן. At its core it names a male child, and it is the everyday building block of a name: someone is introduced as so-and-so, the son of his father, the way Zechariah is called the son of Iddo.

From that plain root the word stretches in the same directions its Hebrew twin does. In the plural it can name a whole people descended from one ancestor, as in the "sons of Israel". More often it heads the flexible phrase "son(s) of" something, where it no longer points to a father at all but to the class a person or thing belongs to:

  • "sons of the exile" are the people carried off to Babylon
  • "sons of men" is simply humankind
  • "a son of the gods" is a heavenly being
  • "one like a son of man" is a figure in human likeness

The same idiom counts the young of animals ("sons of oxen" are young bulls) and even measures age, so that a man "a son of sixty-two years" is sixty-two years old. In every use the word keeps its single sense of belonging, whether by birth, by descent, by category, or by age.

Nuances

1aa son by birth: a male child, and in the phrase "son of" a named father
TranslatabilityDirect
Ezr 5:1Ezr 5:2 (2×)Ezr 6:10Ezr 6:14Ezr 7:23Dan 5:22Dan 6:24(25)
1ba descendant, and in the plural a whole people sprung from one ancestor
TranslatabilityApproximate
Ezr 6:16 (2×)
1ca member of a group or class, in the phrase "son(s) of" something
Ezr 6:16 (2×)Dan 2:25Dan 2:38Dan 3:25Dan 5:13Dan 5:21Dan 6:13(14)Dan 7:13
1dthe young of an animal
TranslatabilityApproximate
Ezr 6:9
1eused with a number of years to give someone's age
TranslatabilityApproximate
Dan 5:31(6:1)

What scholars say about bar

The Biblical Aramaic noun בַּר is the standard word for "son" and the direct cognate of Hebrew בֵּן, with the same semantic range: a male child, a descendant, and the productive construct idiom bar/benê + noun denoting membership in a class (benê galwata, "exiles"; benê anasha, "humankind"), the young of animals (benê torin, "young bulls"), and age (bar shenin, "of years"). The lexica (HALOT, the BDB Aramaic section) treat it as a single polysemous entry. Two occurrences dominate scholarly discussion, both interpretive rather than lexical: bar elahin in Daniel 3:25 (an idiom for a heavenly being, on the lips of Nebuchadnezzar) and especially kebar enash in Daniel 7:13, whose referent (a corporate symbol for the holy ones of Israel, an individual angelic figure, or a messianic figure) is debated across the critical commentaries (Collins, Goldingay), while the phrase's plain sense, "one in human likeness", is not in dispute.

Sources

  • HALOT (Koehler-Baumgartner), Aramaic section, s.v. בַּרlexicon
  • BDB (Brown-Driver-Briggs), Biblical Aramaic appendix, s.v. בַּרlexicon
  • TDOT (Botterweck-Ringgren, eds.), s.v. בֵּן bendictionary
  • John J. Collins, Daniel (Hermeneia), on 7:13commentary

All attested forms of בַּר

m p construct

בְּנֵי

Ezr 6:9, Ezr 6:16, Ezr 6:16, Dan 2:25, Dan 2:38, Dan 5:13, Dan 5:21, Dan 6:13

c s construct

בַּר

Ezr 5:1, Ezr 5:2, Ezr 5:2, Ezr 6:14, Dan 3:25, Dan 5:31, Dan 7:13

m p construct

בְנוֹהִי

Ezr 6:10, Ezr 7:23

c s construct

בְּרֵהּ

Dan 5:22

m p construct

בְּנֵיהוֹן

Dan 6:24