StrongerBible

bagad

בָּגַד

HebrewH0898deal treacherously, be unfaithful, ...

Appears 49 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Exo 21:8Jdg 9:231Sa 14:33Job 6:15Psa 25:3Psa 59:5(6)Psa 73:15Psa 78:57Psa 119:158Pro 2:22Pro 11:3Pro 11:6Pro 13:2Pro 13:15Pro 21:18Pro 22:12Pro 23:28Pro 25:19Isa 21:2 (2×)Isa 24:16 (4×)Isa 33:1 (4×)Isa 48:8 (2×)Jer 3:8Jer 3:11Jer 3:20 (2×)Jer 5:11 (2×)Jer 9:2(1)Jer 12:1Jer 12:6Lam 1:2Hos 5:7Hos 6:7Hab 1:13Hab 2:5Mal 2:10Mal 2:11Mal 2:14Mal 2:15Mal 2:16
Root family
Word studybah-GADverb

What bagad means

to act treacherously, to break faith with someone who trusted you.

TranslatabilityPartialCertaintySettled

At its heart this verb names one thing: betraying a bond. It is not ordinary wrongdoing or simple dishonesty. It is the kind of harm that is possible only because someone first trusted you, so the injury lands inside a relationship that was supposed to hold. A spouse, a friend, a covenant partner, the LORD himself: the word always pictures one party letting another down after faith had been pledged or assumed.

Because the betrayal can happen in any close bond, the same word reaches across several settings. It is what a husband or wife does when the marriage is broken from within. It is what a friend or relative does when loyalty fails just when it is needed. Above all it is what Israel does to God when it turns to other gods, since the prophets picture that turning as a wife abandoning her husband. The shared thread is never just the bad act; it is the trust that was violated to do it.

In the wisdom writings and the prophets the participle hardens into a label for a whole type of person: the treacherous, set against the upright and the faithful. Here the word is less about a single betrayal and more about a settled character, the person whose dealings cannot be relied on. Translations reach for many English words for all of this (deal treacherously, be unfaithful, betray, deal deceitfully), but underneath them stands the one idea of broken faith.

Nuances

1ato break faith with God, to be unfaithful to the covenant with the LORD.
1Sa 14:33Psa 78:57Isa 48:8 (2×)Jer 3:20 (2×)Jer 5:11 (2×)Hos 5:7Hos 6:7Mal 2:10Mal 2:11
1bto be unfaithful within marriage, to break faith with a spouse.
Exo 21:8Jer 3:8Jer 3:11Mal 2:14Mal 2:15Mal 2:16
1cto betray a friend, relative, or ally; to fail someone who counted on your loyalty.
Jdg 9:23Job 6:15Psa 73:15Jer 9:2(1)Jer 12:6Lam 1:2Hab 2:5
1dthe treacherous, used as a label for a whole class of faithless, unreliable people set against the upright.
Psa 25:3Psa 59:5(6)Psa 119:158Pro 2:22Pro 11:3Pro 11:6Pro 13:2Pro 13:15Pro 21:18Pro 22:12Pro 23:28Pro 25:19

What scholars say about bagad

The standard lexicons (BDB, HALOT, DCH) give this verb a single core meaning, to act or deal treacherously, faithlessly, or deceitfully, with the betrayal always located within a relationship of trust. The theological dictionaries (TDOT, NIDOTTE) trace its range across three relational spheres: the marriage bond, the bond of friendship and kinship, and the covenant bond between Israel and the LORD, with the prophets (Jeremiah, Hosea, Malachi) drawing the three together by picturing apostasy as marital infidelity. In wisdom and prophetic poetry the participle functions as a fixed designation for the faithless as a class, set in antithesis to the upright. There is no significant dispute that the word is monosemous at the level of meaning, and no credible homonym is proposed; the unrelated noun of identical spelling meaning garment is a separate lexical entry.

Sources

  • BDB (Brown-Driver-Briggs), s.v. בגדlexicon
  • HALOT (Koehler-Baumgartner), s.v. בגדlexicon
  • DCH (Clines, ed.), s.v. בגדlexicon
  • S. Erlandsson, "בָּגַד," in Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament (TDOT) 1:470-473dictionary
  • M. A. Grisanti, "בגד," in New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis (NIDOTTE) 1:582-584dictionary

All attested forms of בָּגַד

qal participle m p absolute

בֹּגְדִים, בּוֹגְדִים, וּבוֹגְדִים, הַבּוֹגְדִים

Psa 119:158, Pro 11:6, Pro 13:2, Pro 13:15, Isa 24:16, Jer 9:2, Pro 11:3, Isa 24:16

qal perfect 3cp

בָּגְדוּ, בָּגָדוּ

Job 6:15, Isa 33:1, Jer 5:11, Jer 12:6, Lam 1:2, Hos 6:7, Isa 24:16, Isa 24:16

qal participle m s absolute

בּוֹגֵד, בֹגֵד, הַבּוֹגֵד, וּבוֹגֵד

Pro 21:18, Pro 25:19, Isa 21:2, Hab 2:5, Pro 22:12, Isa 21:2, Isa 33:1

qal consecutive-imperfect 3mp

וַיִּבְגְּדוּ

Jdg 9:23, Psa 78:57

qal infinitive-absolute absolute

בָּגוֹד

Isa 48:8, Jer 5:11

qal infinitive-construct construct

בְגֹּד, בִגְד

Isa 33:1, Exo 21:8

qal participle f s absolute

בֹּגֵדָה

Jer 3:8, Jer 3:11

qal participle m p construct

בֹּגְדֵי

Psa 59:5, Jer 12:1

qal perfect 2mp

בְּגַדְתֶּם

1Sa 14:33, Jer 3:20

qal perfect 3fs

בָּגְדָה

Jer 3:20, Mal 2:11

qal imperfect 1cp

נִבְגַּד

Mal 2:10

qal imperfect 2mp

תִבְגֹּדוּ

Mal 2:16

qal imperfect 2ms

תִּבְגּוֹד

Isa 48:8

qal imperfect 3mp

יִבְגְּדוּ

Isa 33:1

qal jussive 3ms

יִבְגֹּד

Mal 2:15

qal perfect 1cs

בָגָדְתִּי

Psa 73:15

qal perfect 2ms

בָּגַדְתָּה

Mal 2:14