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aryeh

אַרְיֵה

AramaicH0744lion

Appears 10 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Dan 6:7(8)Dan 6:12(13)Dan 6:16(17)Dan 6:19(20)Dan 6:20(21)Dan 6:22(23)Dan 6:24(25) (2×)Dan 6:27(28)Dan 7:4
Word studyar-YEHnoun

What aryeh means

lion: the big predatory cat, either a real animal or the picture of one standing for a kingdom's power

TranslatabilityDirectCertaintySettled

Nine of this word's ten appearances sit inside a single story. In Daniel 6 the king's officials trap him into signing a law he cannot undo, and the penalty for breaking it is a pit of lions. The phrase "the den of lions" comes back again and again as the trap closes, as Daniel is thrown in, as the king hurries out at first light, and finally as the accusers are thrown in themselves. The repetition is the point: the animals carry the whole weight of the threat, and the story is settled by whether their mouths open or stay shut.

The tenth appearance turns the animal into a picture. In Daniel 7 the first of four figures rising out of the sea is "like a lion" with the wings of an eagle. Kings across the ancient world carved lions onto their gates, their thrones, and their walls, so a lion standing for an empire needed no explanation to the first readers. Most scholars take that figure to be Babylon.

The word itself is doing nothing unusual in either place. It is simply the Aramaic name of the animal, matching the Hebrew word spelled almost the same way (אַרְיֵה) and the Greek word the New Testament uses (λέων). What changes between the two chapters is not the word but what the lions are: real ones pacing a pit, and then one seen in a dream.

Nuances

1aliving lions: the animals kept in a pit at the king's court and used to put a condemned man to death
Dan 6:7(8)Dan 6:12(13)Dan 6:16(17)Dan 6:19(20)Dan 6:20(21)Dan 6:22(23)Dan 6:24(25) (2×)Dan 6:27(28)
1ba lion as an image: the shape of the first of the four figures in Daniel's vision, a lion with eagle's wings
Dan 7:4

What scholars say about aryeh

The lexica are unanimous on the sense: Biblical Aramaic אַרְיֵה denotes the lion, cognate with Hebrew אֲרִי / אַרְיֵה and well attested across Imperial Aramaic and later Jewish Aramaic. HALOT's Aramaic volume and the Aramaic section of BDB give a single lexical entry with no sub-senses, and Botterweck's TDOT article on the Hebrew cognate surveys the animal's presence in Iron Age Palestine along with its royal and predatory symbolism. In Daniel 6 the determined plural אַרְיָוָתָא occurs nine times, in every case with גֹּב "pit, den": Collins observes that no independent documentation of a Persian lion-pit execution survives, and treats the setting as part of the chapter's court-legend narrative rather than as an attested judicial procedure. In Daniel 7:4 the singular carries a simile for the first beast, conventionally identified with Babylon on the strength of the lion and winged-creature iconography of Neo-Babylonian art (Collins, Goldingay); that identification is an interpretive judgment about the vision's referent, not a lexical question about the word.

Sources

  • HALOT (Koehler-Baumgartner-Stamm), The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament, s.v. אַרְיֵה (Aramaic)lexicon
  • BDB (Brown-Driver-Briggs), Aramaic section, s.v. אַרְיֵהlexicon
  • G. Johannes Botterweck, "אֲרִי ʾarî," in Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament (TDOT), vol. 1dictionary
  • John J. Collins, Daniel, Hermeneia (1993)commentary
  • John E. Goldingay, Daniel, Word Biblical Commentary 30 (1989)commentary

All attested forms of אַרְיֵה

f s determined

אַרְיָוָתָא, אַרְיָותָא

Dan 6:7, Dan 6:16, Dan 6:19, Dan 6:20, Dan 6:22, Dan 6:24, Dan 6:24, Dan 6:27

c s absolute

אַרְיֵה

Dan 7:4