StrongerBible

aḥor

אָחוֹר

HebrewH0268backward, behind, ...

Appears 41 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Gen 49:17Exo 26:12Exo 33:232Sa 1:222Sa 10:91Ki 7:251Ch 19:102Ch 4:42Ch 13:14Job 23:8Psa 9:3(4)Psa 35:4Psa 40:14(15)Psa 44:10(11)Psa 44:18(19)Psa 56:9(10)Ezk 8:16
Root family
Word studyah-KHORnoun

What aḥor means

the back or behind: the rear of something, the direction backward, and (of time) what is still to come

TranslatabilityPartialCertaintySettled

At its core this word points to whatever is behind. It can name the rear side of a physical thing (the back of the tabernacle, the hindquarters of the bronze oxen, even God's back), or the region simply at one's back, as when a person is hemmed in behind and before.

Most often it describes motion in reverse. In the Psalms and the prophets, to be turned back or driven back is the standard picture of an army routed in battle or of people who have turned away from God. So the plain direction backward usually carries the weight of defeat, retreat, or falling away, not just which way someone is facing.

Hebrew also lays out time along this same front-and-back line, but the reverse of the English way. The past is thought of as in front, already seen, while the future is behind, out of sight. So this word can name the time still to come, which is why a couple of passages use it for things that are going to happen rather than for a place.

Nuances

1athe back, the rear, or the hinder part: the side or region that is behind
Exo 26:12Exo 33:232Sa 10:91Ki 7:251Ch 19:102Ch 4:42Ch 13:14Job 23:8Psa 139:5Isa 9:12Ezk 2:10Ezk 8:16
1bbackward: turned or driven back, often the picture of being routed in battle or of turning away from God
Gen 49:172Sa 1:22Psa 9:3(4)Psa 35:4Psa 40:14(15)Psa 44:10(11)Psa 44:18(19)Psa 56:9(10)Psa 70:2Psa 78:66Psa 114:3Psa 114:5
1cthe time to come, the future: what lies behind in the Hebrew way of facing the past
Isa 41:23Isa 42:23

What scholars say about aḥor

The standard lexica (BDB, HALOT, DCH) treat this as one noun built on the root for what is behind, functioning both substantivally (the back, the rear, the hind part) and adverbially (backward, behind). The spatial uses cover the rear of an object or structure and the region at one's back; a large group of poetic and prophetic texts use the adverbial backward for military rout, flight, or apostasy, frequently with verbs of turning or driving. The temporal use for the future reflects the well-documented Hebrew orientation in which the past lies in front (compare qedem, front and former time) and the future lies behind, so this word can denote things yet to come. The sense of the word is not in dispute; discussion concerns individual difficult verses such as Proverbs 29:11, where it is read either as holding anger back or as afterward.

Sources

  • BDB, s.v. אָחוֹרlexicon
  • HALOT, s.v. אָחוֹרlexicon
  • DCH, s.v. אָחוֹרlexicon

All attested forms of אָחוֹר

m s absolute

אָחוֹר

Gen 49:17, 2Sa 1:22, 2Sa 10:9, 1Ch 19:10, 2Ch 13:14, Job 23:8, Psa 9:3, Psa 35:4

m p construct

אֲחֹרֵיהֶם

1Ki 7:25, 2Ch 4:4, Ezk 8:16

m p construct

אֲחֹרֵי

Exo 26:12

m p construct

אֲחֹרָי

Exo 33:23