StrongerBible

ud

אוּד

HebrewH0181firebrand, brand, ...

Appears 3 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Isa 7:4Amo 4:11Zec 3:2
Root family
Word studyResearch-gradeOODnoun

What ud means

a partly burned stick of firewood: a charred, smoldering brand already alight in the fire

TranslatabilityApproximateCertaintySettled

This Hebrew word names one specific thing: a stick of wood already in the fire and half burned, blackened and smoking. It is not a fresh torch lit to give light, and not an unburned log. It is a piece of firewood caught in the middle of burning, charred and close to being used up.

It appears only three times, and always as a picture rather than a plain description. All three prophets reach for the same image but bend it in different directions.

  • Isaiah calls two enemy kings a pair of smoking stubs, sticks whose fire is nearly out and whose smoke is more show than threat.
  • Amos calls Israel a brand snatched from the burning, a nation barely pulled out of destruction.
  • Zechariah then repeats Amos's exact phrase over Joshua the high priest, a brand plucked from the fire.

The force of the image lies in that half-burned state. A brand is worth rescuing only because it is nearly gone, and its smoke means either a fire dying down (Isaiah) or a fragment just saved from the flames (Amos and Zechariah). In Amos the rescue is turned into an accusation: Israel survived near-ruin and still would not change. In Zechariah the same rescue becomes good news, the fragment saved and made clean. The stick itself means exactly the same in every verse; what shifts is whether being rescued is thrown back as blame or offered as grace.

Isa 7:4Amo 4:11Zec 3:2

What scholars say about ud

The standard lexica agree on the sense and differ only on etymology. BDB (p. 15; TWOT 38a) glosses "brand, firebrand" and, following Gesenius, posits an unused root meaning to stir or rake a fire, which yields the later "poker"; HALOT (1:23), Klein, and DCH ("firebrand, poker") prefer the concrete "log, firebrand" and anchor the word in Northwest Semitic. The comparative evidence favors the concrete sense: secure cognates are the Jewish Aramaic and Targumic form uda and Syriac uda "firebrand, ember", with a probable but phonologically irregular Arabic ud "wood, stick"; the Akkadian cognate repeated in the Isaiah commentary tradition (Wildberger, Roberts, Williamson, Gray) is not supported by CAD or AHw and is best set aside as a lexicographical ghost. The noun occurs only three times, always in prophetic metaphor. At Isaiah 7:4 the plural describes Rezin and Pekah as nearly burnt-out, smoking stubs; the consensus (Wildberger, Williamson, Roberts, Blenkinsopp, Sweeney) reads this as contemptuous belittlement of spent enemies, with only a minority (Watts) hearing residual danger. Amos 4:11 crystallizes the fixed phrase "like a brand plucked from the burning" as the climactic reproach in the litany of 4:6-11, an indictment that Israel's rescue from near-destruction failed to produce repentance (Paul, Wolff, Jeremias, Eidevall). Zechariah 3:2 reuses the identical phrase for Joshua the high priest and reverses indictment into acquittal; whether this is deliberate literary allusion to Amos (Stead, Boda, Petterson, Meyers and Meyers), a fixed proverbial idiom (Rudolph), or looser proverbial usage (Petersen) is debated, with the allusion view now dominant, and Joshua is generally read as a representative figure for the priesthood or for the whole restoration community. The instrumental "poker" sense is post-biblical, crystallizing in Mishnaic and Talmudic Hebrew (Jastrow, p. 24).

In-depth research

This is a research paper, so it may be hard to read without scholarly background. It is useful if you want to dig even deeper into this word.

Sources

  • BDB, s.v. אודlexicon
  • HALOT, vol. 1, p. 23, s.v. אודlexicon
  • DCH, vol. 1, p. 148, s.v. אודlexicon
  • Ernest Klein, A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Hebrew Language (Carta, 1987), s.v. אודlexicon
  • Hans Wildberger, Isaiah 1-12 (Continental Commentary, Fortress, 1991)commentary
  • H. G. M. Williamson, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Isaiah 1-27, vol. 2: Isaiah 6-12 (ICC, T&T Clark, 2018)commentary
  • Shalom M. Paul, Amos (Hermeneia, Fortress, 1991), 148-150commentary
  • Hans Walter Wolff, Joel and Amos (Hermeneia, Fortress, 1977), 208-225commentary
  • Göran Eidevall, Amos (Anchor Yale Bible 24G, Yale University Press, 2017)commentary
  • Michael R. Stead, The Intertextuality of Zechariah 1-8 (LHBOTS 506, T&T Clark, 2009)monograph
  • Mark J. Boda, The Book of Zechariah (NICOT, Eerdmans, 2016)commentary
  • David L. Petersen, Haggai and Zechariah 1-8 (OTL, Westminster John Knox, 1984)commentary
  • Carol L. Meyers and Eric M. Meyers, Haggai, Zechariah 1-8 (Anchor Bible 25B, Doubleday, 1987)commentary

All attested forms of אוּד

m s absolute

אוּד, כְּאוּד

Zec 3:2, Amo 4:11

m p absolute

הָאוּדִים

Isa 7:4