StrongerBible

ed

אֵד

HebrewH0108mist, streams, ...

Appears 2 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Gen 2:6Job 36:27
Root family
Word studyResearch-gradeaydnoun

What ed means

some kind of water that rises from the ground to wet the earth; the exact picture (mist, an underground flow, or a rain cloud) is genuinely uncertain.

TranslatabilityPartialCertaintyObscure

This word appears only twice in the whole Bible, and both times it names water that comes up to moisten dry ground. The trouble is that no one is sure what kind of water. In Genesis it is what waters the earth before rain has ever fallen; in Job it is part of a poem about how God makes rain. Because there is so little to go on, scholars have read it three different ways, and the old translation "mist" is only one of them.

One long-standing reading takes it as a swell of fresh water welling up from below the ground, an underground source that floods the surface. This fits the picture in Genesis of the earth being watered before it rained, and it became the favored view of the major dictionaries through the late twentieth century. A second reading takes it as a rain cloud, partly because the surrounding verses in both Genesis and Job are about rain, and partly because the old Jewish translations into Aramaic rendered it "cloud." A third reading keeps the traditional "mist" or "dew": a ground-level moisture that is neither rain from above nor a river on the surface.

What ties all three together is the basic idea the word carries: water appearing to wet the earth, rising rather than falling. Beyond that, the meaning is one of the harder puzzles in the Hebrew Bible, and an honest entry has to leave the question open rather than pick a winner.

Gen 2:6Job 36:27

What scholars say about ed

אֵד occurs only at Gen 2:6 and Job 36:27, making it a near-hapax whose sense is genuinely contested. The pre-modern witnesses already diverge: the Septuagint and Vulgate read Gen 2:6 as a spring welling up from the earth (πηγή / fons), while the Targumim (Onqelos, Pseudo-Jonathan, Neofiti) render it "cloud" (עֲנָנָא). BDB (1907) glossed it "mist" under a putative root related to אוּד "to envelop." The dominant twentieth-century position derives the word from a Sumero-Akkadian loanword (Akk. edû, ultimately Sum. a-dé-a / e4-dé) for a swell of subterranean fresh water; this case was made by Albright (JBL 58, 1939) and especially E. A. Speiser (BASOR 140, 1955) and refined by David T. Tsumura (The Earth and the Waters in Genesis 1 and 2, JSOTSup 83, 1989), and it was codified in HALOT, DCH, the 18th edition of Gesenius, and NIDOTTE, and adopted by Westermann, Wenham, Sarna, and others. After 2000 this consensus fragmented. Mark Futato (WTJ 60, 1998) and Max Rogland (JSOT 34/4, 2010) argue on contextual and inner-biblical grounds (Ps 135:7; Jer 10:13) plus the Targumic and rabbinic tradition for a "rain cloud" reading, building on Mitchell Dahood's Eblaite proposal (CBQ 43, 1981). G. F. and M. G. Hasel (ZAW 112, 2000) reject every proposed loanword on phonological and contextual grounds and return to "mist/dew arising from below." Job 36:27 is the sharpest test: read with the lamed on לְאֵדוֹ in its normal sense ("for, to") the verse favors an atmospheric "mist/vapor" (Driver-Gray; Dhorme; Habel; Newsom; Longman); read as min ("from," with Ugaritic parallel) it favors Speiser's subterranean flood (Pope; Hartley; Tsumura). The field remains tripolar with no successor consensus; the separate lexeme אֵד "calamity" (Prov 27:10; Deut 32:35) is unrelated.

Where scholars disagree about ed

What אֵד actually refers to: a swell of underground fresh water rising to flood the surface, a rain cloud, or a ground-level mist or dew. The word occurs only twice, so the question is genuinely unsettled.

  • contestedA surge of subterranean fresh water welling up from below, taken as a loanword from Akkadian and Sumerian. This was the dominant view of the standard lexicons from the mid-twentieth century onward.; E. A. Speiser, "ʾED in the Story of Creation," BASOR 140 (1955): 9-11; David T. Tsumura, The Earth and the Waters in Genesis 1 and 2, JSOTSup 83 (1989); HALOT (Koehler-Baumgartner), s.v. אד I
  • contestedA rain cloud, argued from the rain-focused context of both passages, the inner-biblical echoes in Psalm 135:7 and Jeremiah 10:13, and the Aramaic and rabbinic tradition that read it as a cloud.; Mark D. Futato, "Because It Had Rained," Westminster Theological Journal 60 (1998): 1-21; Max Rogland, "Interpreting אד in Genesis 2.5-6," JSOT 34/4 (2010): 379-393
  • contestedA mist or dew arising from the ground, the older traditional reading, defended on the grounds that none of the proposed foreign loanwords actually holds up.; G. F. Hasel and M. G. Hasel, "The Hebrew Term ʾed in Gen 2,6," ZAW 112 (2000): 321-340; BDB (Brown-Driver-Briggs), s.v. אד
In-depth research

This is a research paper, so it may be hard to read without scholarly background. It is useful if you want to dig even deeper into this word.

Sources

  • BDB (Brown-Driver-Briggs), A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1907), s.v. אדlexicon
  • HALOT (Koehler-Baumgartner, ed. Richardson), s.v. אד Ilexicon
  • DCH (Clines, ed.), s.v. אדlexicon
  • R. Meyer and H. Donner, Gesenius, Hebraisches und Aramaisches Handworterbuch, 18. Aufl., s.v. אדlexicon
  • F. Maass, "אד," in Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament (TDOT) 1:88-90dictionary
  • New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis (NIDOTTE) 1:256-257dictionary
  • W. F. Albright, "The Babylonian Matter in the Predeuteronomic Primeval History (JE) in Gen 1-11," JBL 58 (1939): 91-103article
  • E. A. Speiser, "ʾED in the Story of Creation," BASOR 140 (1955): 9-11article
  • E. A. Speiser, Genesis, Anchor Bible 1 (1964)commentary
  • David T. Tsumura, The Earth and the Waters in Genesis 1 and 2: A Linguistic Investigation, JSOTSup 83 (1989)monograph
  • Umberto Cassuto, A Commentary on the Book of Genesis, Part I: From Adam to Noah (1961)commentary
  • Claus Westermann, Genesis 1-11: A Continental Commentary (1984)commentary
  • Gordon J. Wenham, Genesis 1-15, Word Biblical Commentary 1 (1987)commentary
  • Nahum M. Sarna, Genesis, JPS Torah Commentary (1989)commentary
  • Mitchell Dahood, "Eblaite I-Du and Hebrew ʾed, 'Rain-Cloud,'" CBQ 43 (1981): 534-538article
  • Mark D. Futato, "Because It Had Rained: A Study of Gen 2:5-7," Westminster Theological Journal 60 (1998): 1-21article
  • Max Rogland, "Interpreting אד in Genesis 2.5-6: Neglected Rabbinic and Intertextual Evidence," JSOT 34/4 (2010): 379-393article
  • G. F. Hasel and M. G. Hasel, "The Hebrew Term ʾed in Gen 2,6 and Its Connection in Ancient Near Eastern Literature," ZAW 112 (2000): 321-340article
  • Marvin H. Pope, Job, Anchor Bible 15, 3rd ed. (1973)commentary
  • S. R. Driver and G. B. Gray, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Job, ICC (1921)commentary
  • Edouard Dhorme, A Commentary on the Book of Job (English ed. 1967)commentary
  • Derek Kidner, "Genesis 2:5-6: Wet or Dry?," Tyndale Bulletin 17 (1966): 109-114article

All attested forms of אֵד

m s absolute

אֵד

Gen 2:6

m s construct

אֵדוֹ

Job 36:27