StrongerBible

skēnoō

σκηνόω

GreekG4637dwell, tabernacle, ...

Appears 5 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Jhn 1:14Rev 7:15Rev 12:12Rev 13:6Rev 21:3
Root family
Names & words formed with this
Word studyResearch-gradeskay-NO-ohverb

What skēnoō means

to dwell, take up residence (pictured as pitching a tent)

TranslatabilityApproximateCertaintyStrong

The plain sense of this verb is simply to live somewhere, to settle in and stay. It is built from the word for a tent (σκηνή), so its root picture is of pitching camp and taking up residence, but by the first century ordinary Greek had worn that tent image down to the everyday meaning of dwelling in a place. Greek writers used it of soldiers quartering in villages and of a person living wherever they happened to live, with no special weight on the lodging being temporary.

What gives the word its power in the New Testament is not the camping picture but a memory built into Greek-speaking Jewish ears. The Greek Old Testament had used the matching noun (σκηνή) for the wilderness tent where God met Israel, for the tent of meeting, and for the booths of the Feast of Tabernacles, so the whole word family carried the idea of God coming down to live among his people. Every New Testament use of this verb belongs to John, who reaches for it deliberately to say that God has come to dwell with people again.

Because the word itself only ever means to dwell, this is one word with one meaning. The two senses below simply separate who is doing the dwelling: God taking up residence among people, and created beings who already live in heaven. The difference lies in the subject and the setting, not in the word.

Nuances

1aof God taking up residence among his people, recalling how he dwelt with Israel in the wilderness tent
Jhn 1:14Rev 7:15Rev 21:3
1bof created beings who dwell in heaven, set against those who belong to the earth
Rev 12:12Rev 13:6

What scholars say about skēnoō

Lexica (BDAG, 928; Louw-Nida 85.75; LSJ; Moulton-Milligan) agree that by Hellenistic Koine σκηνόω had broadened from "pitch a tent" to the general "to dwell, take up residence," essentially synonymous with οἰκέω/κατοικέω, with any nuance of impermanence contextual rather than lexical. The verb occurs only 5 times in the NT, all Johannine (John 1:14; Rev 7:15; 12:12; 13:6; 21:3). The dominant exegetical claim, on which there is near-consensus (Brown, AB 29; Carson, PNTC; Keener; Köstenberger, BECNT; McHugh, ICC; Beale, NIGTC; Osborne, BECNT), is that John deploys it to evoke the LXX σκηνή, which renders מִשְׁכָּן, אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד, and סֻכָּה, so that ἐσκήνωσεν + δόξα in John 1:14 echoes the כָּבוֹד filling the tabernacle (Exod 40:34-35) and the temple (1 Kgs 8:10-11). Sirach 24:8-10 (Wisdom tabernacling in Israel) is widely cited as the closest extrabiblical parallel. The Shekinah-paronomasia thesis (Burney, The Aramaic Origin of the Fourth Gospel, 35-43; Dalman; Hoskyns; Coloe; Kerr) holds that John exploits the consonantal echo σκην-/שׁכן for the Targumic Memra/Shekinah/Yeqara triad. The skeptical case (Michaelis, TDNT 7:368-94; Barrett) rests on three conceded points: σκην- is Indo-European (Frisk; Chantraine; Beekes 1.349), not a Semitic loan; the fixed noun שְׁכִינָה postdates 70 CE; and the LXX divine-dwelling verb is κατασκηνόω, not σκηνόω. Current scholarship (Keener; Brown) settles on a middle path: a clear tabernacle/glory allusion, a probable euphonic resonance, without staking it on etymology. In Revelation the verb anchors a tabernacle-temple eschatology: 7:15 (ἐπί + accusative as protective canopy; Beale; Mounce; Osborne; Bauckham reading Feast of Tabernacles imagery), 12:12 and 13:6 (heaven-dwellers, with 13:6 likely appositional, God's tabernacle = his heavenly people; Beale; Osborne; Aune more cautious), and 21:3, a near-verbatim fulfillment of Ezek 37:27, which Osborne (BECNT, 733-35) calls a virtual translation of "Shekinah." Many read John 1:14 and Rev 21:3 as a deliberate Johannine inclusio of incarnation-to-consummation.

Where scholars disagree about skēnoō

Whether John deliberately plays on the resemblance between the Greek verb σκηνόω and the Hebrew root שׁכן (behind the later term "Shekinah," God's dwelling glory), or whether the resemblance is only a coincidence John did not intend.

  • majorityJohn clearly evokes the wilderness tabernacle and God's dwelling glory through this verb (especially paired with "glory" in John 1:14); most commentators accept at least a thematic and probably a sound-based allusion.; Raymond E. Brown, The Gospel According to John (Anchor Bible 29), 32; Craig S. Keener, The Gospel of John, 1:408-9
  • minorityA deliberate Shekinah wordplay is overreading: the two roots are etymologically unrelated, the fixed Hebrew term postdates the New Testament, and the expected dwelling verb would have been the compounded κατασκηνόω.; Wilhelm Michaelis, "σκηνή κτλ.," TDNT 7:368-94; C. K. Barrett, The Gospel According to St John, 2nd ed. (1978)
In-depth research

This is a research paper, so it may be hard to read without scholarly background. It is useful if you want to dig even deeper into this word.

Sources

  • BDAG, 3rd ed., s.v. σκηνόω, 928lexicon
  • Louw-Nida, Greek-English Lexicon, domain 85.75lexicon
  • Moulton-Milligan, Vocabulary of the Greek Testament, s.v. σκηνόωlexicon
  • Wilhelm Michaelis, "σκηνή κτλ.," TDNT 7:368-94dictionary
  • C. F. Burney, The Aramaic Origin of the Fourth Gospel (Oxford, 1922), 35-43monograph
  • Raymond E. Brown, The Gospel According to John (Anchor Bible 29), 32commentary
  • D. A. Carson, The Gospel According to John (PNTC), 127commentary
  • Craig S. Keener, The Gospel of John, 1:408-9commentary
  • G. K. Beale, The Book of Revelation (NIGTC), 666-68, 696-98, 1046-52commentary
  • Grant R. Osborne, Revelation (BECNT), 327-28, 478, 502-03, 733-35commentary
  • Robert H. Mounce, The Book of Revelation (NICNT), 165, 250-52, 382-83commentary
  • Richard Bauckham, The Climax of Prophecy, 311-12monograph
  • Craig R. Koester, The Dwelling of God (CBQMS 22, 1989)monograph

All attested forms of σκηνόω

future active indicative 3s

σκηνώσει

Rev 7:15, Rev 21:3

aorist active indicative 3s

ἐσκήνωσεν

Jhn 1:14

present active participle accusative m p

σκηνοῦντας

Rev 13:6

present active participle vocative m p

σκηνοῦντες

Rev 12:12