StrongerBible

skēnē

σκηνή

GreekG4633tabernacle, tent, ...

Appears 21 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Mat 17:4Mrk 9:5Luk 9:33Luk 16:9Act 7:43Act 7:44Act 15:16Heb 8:2Heb 8:5Heb 9:1Heb 9:2Heb 9:3Heb 9:6Heb 9:8Heb 9:11Heb 9:21Heb 11:9Heb 13:10Rev 13:6Rev 15:5Rev 21:3
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Word studyResearch-gradeskay-NAYnoun

What skēnē means

1

a tent or booth: a temporary shelter of cloth or animal skins that people pitch and later take down

TranslatabilityDirectCertaintySettled

In its plainest sense this is the ordinary word for a tent, the kind of movable shelter a traveler, a shepherd, or an army lives in and then packs up and leaves behind. It carries no religious weight of its own; whatever holiness attaches to it comes from where it is used, not from the word itself.

The New Testament keeps this everyday meaning in view even in sacred settings. Abraham is remembered as a man who lived his whole life in tents, at home nowhere, waiting for a city with real foundations. On the mountain of the transfiguration Peter blurts out an offer to put up three booths, the kind of quick shelters Israel made for the Feast of Booths, hoping to hold the glorious moment in place.

Nuances

1aa tent lived in by a traveler or pilgrim
Heb 11:9
1ba booth or shelter put up on the spot
Mat 17:4Mrk 9:5Luk 9:33
2

the tabernacle: the portable tent-sanctuary where God lived among Israel in the wilderness, and the heavenly sanctuary it stood for

TranslatabilityApproximateCertaintySettled

This is the word's most loaded use in the New Testament. After the exodus, God had Israel build him a tent to live in at the center of their camp, called the tent of meeting or the tent of the testimony. It had two rooms, an outer Holy Place and an inner Most Holy Place, and it traveled with the people wherever they went. Israel's history had its dark mirror too: Stephen names a rival "tent of Moloch" that the people also carried, a counterfeit sacred tent for a false god.

The letter to the Hebrews works this sense hardest. It treats the earthly tent as a copy and shadow of a greater, true tabernacle in heaven, the real sanctuary that Christ entered once for all. When Hebrews speaks of "the greater and more perfect tabernacle," it is reaching past the wilderness structure to that heavenly reality.

Behind all of this lies the Greek Old Testament, where this one word was used to translate both the Hebrew word for an ordinary tent (אֹהֶל) and the special word for God's dwelling (מִשְׁכָּן). That is why a single Greek term could carry the whole weight of the sanctuary.

Nuances

2athe earthly wilderness tabernacle and its two chambers
Act 7:44Heb 9:1Heb 9:2Heb 9:3Heb 9:6Heb 9:8Heb 9:21Heb 13:10
2bthe true, heavenly tabernacle of which the earthly one was a copy
Heb 8:2Heb 8:5Heb 9:11Rev 15:5
Heb 9:11

What the "greater and more perfect tabernacle" of Hebrews 9:11, through which Christ passed, refers to.

  • majorityThe heavenly sanctuary itself, the true dwelling of God that the earthly tent only copied.; H. Attridge, The Epistle to the Hebrews (Hermeneia, 1989), 245-248; W. L. Lane, Hebrews 9-13 (WBC 47B, 1991), 236-238; P. Ellingworth, The Epistle to the Hebrews (NIGTC, 1993), 450-453
  • minorityChrist's own body or incarnate humanity, the tent of his flesh through which he entered God's presence.; A. Vanhoye, "Par la tente plus grande et plus parfaite (Heb 9,11)," Biblica 46 (1965): 1-28
  • minorityA heavenly outer chamber through which Christ passed to reach the inner sanctuary.; J. Swetnam, "The Greater and More Perfect Tent," Biblica 47 (1966): 91-106
2ca shrine-tent carried for a false god
Act 7:43
3

a dwelling place: an enduring home, above all God's dwelling with his people and the eternal home of the redeemed

TranslatabilityPartialCertaintyStrong

Here the tent-word is stretched into a picture of a lasting home, the opposite of something temporary. Jesus tells his hearers to use money to make friends who will welcome them into "eternal dwellings," homes that outlast every earthly loss.

The image also carries the hope of a restored people. At the Jerusalem council James quotes the promise that God will rebuild "the fallen tent of David," the collapsed royal house raised again so that the nations can come in. Revelation then brings the whole story home: at the end "the dwelling of God is with people," and God himself lives among them. What began as a fragile tent in the desert becomes God's permanent home with humanity.

Nuances

3athe eternal dwellings, the lasting homes of the redeemed
Luk 16:9
3bthe fallen tent of David, the royal house restored
Act 15:16
Act 15:16

What "the fallen tent of David" in James's quotation refers to.

  • majorityThe Davidic dynasty or kingdom, restored through Jesus' resurrection and enthronement.; C. K. Barrett, Acts (ICC, 1994-98), 2:725-726; J. A. Fitzmyer, The Acts of the Apostles (AB 31, 1998), 555-556
  • minorityThe messianic community, the restored people of God now opened to the nations.; R. Bauckham, "James and the Jerusalem Church," in The Book of Acts in Its Palestinian Setting (1995), 415-480
  • minorityAn eschatological, spiritual temple embodied in the messianic community.; G. K. Beale, The Temple and the Church's Mission (NSBT 17, 2004)
3cthe dwelling of God himself, in heaven and finally among his people
Rev 13:6Rev 21:3

What scholars say about skēnē

BDAG (928-29) organizes the noun under three senses: a temporary shelter (tent, hut, booth, market stall), the transferred cultic sense of the wilderness sanctuary (the tent of meeting and its New Testament reflexes, including the true tent of Hebrews), and a figurative eschatological dwelling (the eternal dwellings of Luke 16:9, the tent of David of Acts 15:16). LSJ notes that the word is absent from Homer, who uses klisie for the Achaean huts, and that it first surfaces in Aeschylus before spreading across camp, stage-building, wagon-cover, and banquet-tent senses; Moulton-Milligan document it in the papyri as an entirely secular noun for temporary shelter, with the sacred aura a Jewish and Christian overlay. Wilhelm Michaelis (TDNT 7:368-94) argues that tent is the fixed core from which all uses derive, that the word is Indo-European rather than a Semitic loan, and, famously, that its resemblance to the Hebrew root shakan and to Shekinah is coincidental. On the interpretive side a mediating consensus (Brown, Keener, Carson, Ridderbos) holds that because the Greek Old Testament consistently used this word and its verb to render the Hebrew for tent and for the priestly dwelling, a Greek-speaking Jew would hear the tabernacle-and-glory background even without an etymological pun; the resonance is translational rather than phonetic. Martin Meiser argues the translators chose this word partly for its aural nearness to shakan while at the same time softening the notion of God's earthly indwelling. In Hebrews the referent of the greater and more perfect tabernacle (9:11) is disputed among the heavenly sanctuary (Attridge, Lane, Ellingworth, Koester), Christ's body or flesh (Vanhoye, patristic tradition), and a heavenly outer chamber (Swetnam), with Attridge concluding the term is used loosely across chapters 8-9. On Acts 15:16 the fallen tent of David is read as the Davidic dynasty (Barrett, Fitzmyer, Bock), as the messianic community (Bauckham, Bruce), or as an eschatological temple (Beale); Bauckham shows James's argument depends on the Greek text of Amos 9. Revelation 21:3 forms the climax, fusing Leviticus 26:11-12 and Ezekiel 37:27, with the preferred plural peoples universalizing the covenant formula (Beale, Bauckham, Koester). Craig Koester's monograph The Dwelling of God traces the whole motif and argues that early Christians preferred tabernacle over temple imagery precisely because a tent is portable and provisional, a better fit for both the incarnation and a still-mobile hope.

In-depth research

This is a research paper, so it may be hard to read without scholarly background. It is useful if you want to dig even deeper into this word.

Sources

  • BDAG (Danker, ed.), A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament, 3rd ed. (2000), 928-929, s.v. σκηνήlexicon
  • Liddell-Scott-Jones (LSJ), A Greek-English Lexicon, 9th ed., s.v. σκηνήlexicon
  • J. P. Louw and E. A. Nida, Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament Based on Semantic Domains (1988), 7.8, 7.11lexicon
  • J. H. Moulton and G. Milligan, The Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (1930), s.v. σκηνήlexicon
  • W. Michaelis, "σκηνή, σκηνόω, σκήνωμα κτλ.," in Theological Dictionary of the New Testament (TDNT) 7:368-394theological-dictionary
  • C. R. Koester, The Dwelling of God: The Tabernacle in the Old Testament, Intertestamental Jewish Literature, and the New Testament (CBQMS 22, 1989)monograph
  • H. Attridge, The Epistle to the Hebrews (Hermeneia, 1989), 218-247commentary
  • C. S. Keener, The Gospel of John: A Commentary (2003), 1:408-412commentary
  • R. Bauckham, "James and the Jerusalem Church," in The Book of Acts in Its Palestinian Setting (1995), 415-480article
  • G. K. Beale, The Book of Revelation (NIGTC, 1999), on 15:5 and 21:3commentary
  • G. K. Beale, The Temple and the Church's Mission (NSBT 17, 2004), 365-402monograph
  • M. Meiser, "Conceptions of God's Dwelling in the Septuagint," in Die Septuaginta: Text, Wirkung, Rezeption (WUNT), 143-147article

All attested forms of σκηνή

accusative f s

σκηνὴν, σκηνήν

Act 7:43, Act 15:16, Heb 9:6, Heb 9:21, Rev 13:6, Heb 8:5

nominative f s

σκηνὴ, σκηνή

Act 7:44, Heb 9:2, Heb 9:3, Rev 21:3, Heb 9:1

accusative f p

σκηνάς, σκηνὰς

Mat 17:4, Mrk 9:5, Luk 16:9, Luk 9:33

genitive f s

σκηνῆς

Heb 8:2, Heb 9:8, Heb 9:11, Rev 15:5

dative f p

σκηναῖς

Heb 11:9

dative f s

σκηνῇ

Heb 13:10