StrongerBible

sēmainō

σημαίνω

GreekG4591to signify

Appears 6 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Jhn 12:33Jhn 18:32Jhn 21:19Act 11:28Act 25:27Rev 1:1
Root family
Names & words formed with this
Word studysay-MY-noverb

What sēmainō means

to signal something so that it becomes known: to point to a thing, often by a hint or a sign rather than by a plain statement

TranslatabilityApproximateCertaintyStrong

This verb belongs to the family of the Greek noun for a sign (σημεῖον). Where one Greek word simply hands over information and another makes a thing clear, this one gives a pointer: the speaker puts up a marker, and the hearer has to follow it to reach the thing itself. In older Greek it was the standard word for what an oracle does, showing without saying.

Three of its six appearances are John's own aside about something Jesus had just said. Jesus speaks of being lifted up, or tells Peter where he will one day be led, and the narrator steps in to explain that the saying was a pointer to the kind of death that was coming (John 12:33, John 18:32, John 21:19). The word fits exactly, because the saying and the death only line up once the death happens.

The other three uses spread across the range:

  • a prophet in Antioch announces a famine that is on its way (Acts 11:28)
  • a Roman governor complains that he cannot send a prisoner to Caesar without stating the charges (Acts 25:27)
  • the opening line of Revelation says God signaled to John what must soon take place (Revelation 1:1)

So one verb covers a hint whose meaning waits on events, a warning about the near future, and a plain administrative note. What holds them together is not how veiled the message is, but the act of pointing: someone puts up a sign, and someone else has to read it.

Nuances

1ato point ahead to something the words do not state outright, so that the meaning is clear only once the event arrives
Jhn 12:33Jhn 18:32Jhn 21:19
1bto make known in advance what is going to happen
Act 11:28Rev 1:1
Rev 1:1

Whether the verb in Revelation 1:1 simply says that God made the revelation known, or says that he communicated it in symbols, which would set the interpretive key for the whole book.

  • majorityIt is a straightforward word for making something known, close in force to the word for showing that stands earlier in the same sentence, so no claim about symbolic method should be built on it.; BDAG, s.v. σημαίνω
  • minorityIt keeps its older force of pointing by a sign, drawing on the Old Greek of Daniel 2 that this verse echoes, so Revelation announces itself in its first sentence as revelation given in symbolic form.; G. K. Beale, The Book of Revelation (NIGTC; Eerdmans, 1999), 50-52
1cto state information plainly, as in a formal report
TranslatabilityDirect
Act 25:27

What scholars say about sēmainō

BDAG and LSJ treat σημαίνω as the verb answering to σημεῖον, with a range running from plain communication (report, make known) to indication of what is to come. Rengstorf's TDNT treatment of the σημεῖον group traces the classical background, in which the verb regularly describes oracular disclosure that points without stating, the sense behind Heraclitus's saying that the Delphic god neither speaks nor conceals but gives a sign. New Testament distribution is uneven: the Fourth Gospel uses it three times in an identical editorial formula glossing a saying of Jesus about the manner of his death (John 12:33; 18:32; 21:19), while Acts uses it once for prophetic announcement (11:28) and once for the specification of legal charges (25:27). Revelation 1:1 is the contested case: many read ἐσήμανεν as a near synonym of δεῖξαι earlier in the verse, while Beale, appealing to the verb's use in Old Greek Daniel 2:28-30, 45, which Revelation 1:1 unmistakably echoes, argues that it characterizes the revelation as symbolic in mode and so functions programmatically for the book's interpretation.

Sources

  • BDAG, s.v. σημαίνωlexicon
  • LSJ, s.v. σημαίνωlexicon
  • K. H. Rengstorf, "σημεῖον, σημαίνω, σημειόω," TDNT 7:200-269dictionary
  • G. K. Beale, The Book of Revelation (NIGTC; Eerdmans, 1999), 50-52commentary

All attested forms of σημαίνω

present active participle nominative m s

σημαίνων

Jhn 12:33, Jhn 18:32, Jhn 21:19

aorist active indicative 3s

ἐσήμανεν

Act 11:28, Rev 1:1

aorist active infinitive

σημᾶναι

Act 25:27