StrongerBible

pandocheion

πανδοχεῖον

GreekG3829inn

Appears 1 time · tap a cell to see the verses

Luk 10:34
Compound of
Root family
Word studyResearch-gradepan-do-KHAY-onnoun

What pandocheion means

a commercial roadside inn: a paid public lodging where any traveler could stop for the night

TranslatabilityApproximateCertaintySettled

This word names a wayside inn, the kind of paid public lodging a traveler in the ancient world would pay to sleep in on a long road. Its parts literally mean "a place that receives everyone," and that is exactly what it was: a roadhouse open to all comers, run by a proprietor for money, quite unlike staying as a guest in a private home.

Luke uses this precise word only once, in the parable of the Good Samaritan (Luke 10:34), where the Samaritan carries the beaten man to an inn and pays the keeper to care for him. Luke is careful with his words for lodging. Elsewhere he uses a more general term (kataluma) for a private guest room, such as the room where there was no space for Mary and Joseph and the upper room of the Last Supper. Here he reaches for the specific commercial word instead, marking this as a paid public inn with a hired keeper, not someone's spare room.

In the wider Greek and Jewish world of the time, inns like this had a rough and often shady reputation. Ancient writers and later rabbis pictured them as dirty, unsafe places tied up with cheating, prostitution, and worse, and innkeepers were a stock figure for dishonesty. That background gives the Samaritan's action extra force: he brings a vulnerable stranger to just the sort of place respectable people were taught to avoid, pays in advance, and promises to cover whatever more it costs, trusting the keeper to do right by the wounded man.

Early Christian writers loved that the word means "the place that receives all" and read the inn as a picture of the church, which takes in everyone. That is a later devotional reading rather than what the word itself means, but it caught something true about the story.

Luk 10:34

What scholars say about pandocheion

The lexicons are unanimous on the denotation. BDAG glosses the word as a commercial inn where a traveler finds a night's lodging, and LSJ (under the older Attic spelling with kappa) gives "inn." The word is the later Koine spelling of classical Attic pandokeion, a shift the second-century grammarian Phrynichus condemned; Luke writes ordinary Koine. It occurs nowhere else in the Greek Bible, in either testament, and never in the Septuagint, so a Greek-speaking Jewish reader would not have heard it as a scriptural word at all. Louw and Nida are a minority in treating it and kataluma as near-synonyms; most reference works and commentators draw a sharper line. Stephen Carlson and Kenneth Bailey argue that Luke deliberately distinguishes the two, kataluma being generic accommodation and this word the specific commercial inn, a reading BDAG endorses at Luke 10:34; van Eck and van Niekerk grant the contrast in Luke 10:34 but caution against making the lexical opposition absolute across general usage. The cognate agent noun pandocheus, the innkeeper, appears in the next verse (Luke 10:35) and is likewise a biblical hapax. The word was borrowed into Hebrew and Aramaic as pundaq and survives in Arabic as funduq.

Where scholars disagree about pandocheion

How much of the ancient inn's bad reputation Luke's first audience would have heard in the word, and whether that reputation matters for interpreting the Good Samaritan parable.

  • contestedAncient inns and innkeepers were widely regarded as squalid and morally suspect, so the choice of this word sharpens the parable: the Samaritan trusts a stranger from a disreputable trade with the wounded man's care and even his freedom from debt.; B. W. Longenecker, "The Story of the Samaritan and the Innkeeper," Biblical Interpretation 17 (2009): 422-447; J. D. M. Derrett, "Fresh Light on the Parable of the Good Samaritan," NTS 11 (1964): 22-37; J. R. Donahue, The Gospel in Parable (1988), 128-134
  • contestedThe inn and its keeper are neutral narrative furniture; the parable's point lies with the priest, the Levite, and the Samaritan, and the keeper is simply a hired caretaker whose reputation carries no interpretive weight.; J. A. Fitzmyer, The Gospel According to Luke X-XXIV, Anchor Bible 28A (1985), 887-888; I. H. Marshall, The Gospel of Luke, NIGTC (1978), 447-450; J. Jeremias, The Parables of Jesus (1972), 202-205
  • minorityThe negative-reputation tradition is overstated: the wider record is genuinely mixed, and reading heavy moral baggage into the word imports speculation the text does not support.; A.-J. Levine, Short Stories by Jesus (2014), 71-115; E. van Eck and R. J. van Niekerk, "Revisiting πανδοχεῖον in Luke 10:34," HTS Teologiese Studies 74/4 (2018): a5195
In-depth research

This is a research paper, so it may be hard to read without scholarly background. It is useful if you want to dig even deeper into this word.

Sources

  • BDAG (Bauer-Danker-Arndt-Gingrich), 3rd ed., s.v. πανδοχεῖον, p. 753lexicon
  • LSJ (Liddell-Scott-Jones), 9th ed., s.vv. πανδοκεῖον, πανδοχεῖονlexicon
  • Louw-Nida, Greek-English Lexicon Based on Semantic Domains, 2nd ed., §§7.11-7.12lexicon
  • H. Balz and G. Schneider, eds., Exegetical Dictionary of the New Testament (EDNT) 3:13dictionary
  • S. C. Carlson, "The Accommodations of Joseph and Mary in Bethlehem: Κατάλυμα in Luke 2.7," New Testament Studies 56 (2010): 326-342article
  • E. van Eck and R. J. van Niekerk, "The Samaritan 'brought him to an inn': Revisiting πανδοχεῖον in Luke 10:34," HTS Teologiese Studies 74/4 (2018): a5195article
  • B. W. Longenecker, "The Story of the Samaritan and the Innkeeper (Luke 10:30-35): A Study in Character Rehabilitation," Biblical Interpretation 17 (2009): 422-447article
  • J. D. M. Derrett, "Law in the New Testament: Fresh Light on the Parable of the Good Samaritan," NTS 11 (1964): 22-37article
  • J. A. Fitzmyer, The Gospel According to Luke X-XXIV, Anchor Bible 28A (1985), 887-888commentary
  • J. Jeremias, The Parables of Jesus, rev. ET (1972), 202-205monograph
  • K. E. Bailey, Jesus Through Middle Eastern Eyes (2008), 28-33monograph

All attested forms of πανδοχεῖον

accusative n s

πανδοχεῖον

Luk 10:34