StrongerBible

hepta

ἑπτά

GreekG2033seven

Appears 89 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Mat 12:45Mat 15:34Mat 15:36Mat 15:37Mat 16:10Mat 18:22Mat 22:25Mat 22:26Mat 22:28Mrk 8:5Mrk 8:6Mrk 8:8Mrk 8:20 (2×)Mrk 12:20Mrk 12:22Luk 11:26Act 20:6Act 21:4Act 28:14Rev 5:1Rev 11:13Rev 17:9(10)Rev 17:11
Root family
Word studyhep-TAHnumber

What hepta means

seven: the cardinal number 7

TranslatabilityDirectCertaintySettled

This is the ordinary word for the number "seven," and in most of its appearances it does exactly what a number does: it counts things. Seven loaves, seven brothers, seven sons, seven nations, seven days, seven other spirits. Whenever the New Testament tallies a set of real items, this is the word it reaches for.

What makes seven worth a second look is that, alongside its plain counting work, it carries a weight no other low number does. Across the Bible and the wider ancient world, seven had long stood for a finished, complete whole, the way we might say a thing is done "top to bottom" or "start to finish." So a writer could choose seven not because he had literally counted seven items but because seven signaled fullness or totality. The book of Revelation leans on this constantly: seven churches, seven spirits, seven seals, seven trumpets, seven bowls. The number is doing more than arithmetic there; it frames whole things as complete.

The same instinct lies behind the saying about forgiving "seventy times seven." The point of multiplying seven is not a precise ceiling on forgiveness but the opposite: a completeness so large it stops being a count at all.

These are not separate words or separate meanings. They are one number used in two registers, a literal tally and a figure of completeness, and a good reader watches the context to tell which is in play (and sometimes both at once).

Nuances

1aa plain count of seven real items
Mat 15:34Mat 15:36Mat 15:37Mat 16:10Mat 22:25Mat 22:26Mat 22:28Mrk 8:5Mrk 8:6Mrk 8:8Mrk 8:20 (2×)Mrk 12:20
1bseven as a figure of a complete or total whole, not a literal head count
Rev 1:4Rev 1:11Rev 1:12Rev 1:13Rev 1:16Rev 1:20Rev 2:1Rev 3:1Rev 4:5Rev 5:1Rev 5:5Rev 5:6
1cseven multiplied as a figure for boundless, unlimited fullness
Mat 18:22

What scholars say about hepta

The lexica treat hepta as a straightforward cardinal numeral, with no contested senses (BDAG; LSJ). The interpretive interest is not lexical ambiguity but the well-attested symbolic value of seven as a number of completeness or totality across the biblical and broader ancient Near Eastern tradition, which a writer may foreground without abandoning the literal count. Rengstorf's TDNT article on hepta surveys this symbolism, with the seven-fold structures of Revelation (seven churches, spirits, seals, trumpets, bowls) as the densest New Testament concentration. The multiplied idiom in Matthew 18:22 (variously rendered "seventy-seven" or "seventy times seven") trades on the same connotation of unbounded completeness rather than a numeric limit.

Sources

  • BDAG, s.v. ἑπτάlexicon
  • LSJ, s.v. ἑπτάlexicon
  • Rengstorf, K. H., "ἑπτά," TDNT 2:627-635dictionary

All attested forms of ἑπτά

adj

ἑπτὰ, ἑπτά

Mat 12:45, Mat 15:34, Mat 15:36, Mat 15:37, Mat 16:10, Mat 22:25, Mat 22:28, Mrk 8:6