StrongerBible

epitimaō

ἐπιτιμάω

GreekG2008rebuke, charge

Appears 29 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Mat 8:26Mat 12:16Mat 16:22Mat 17:18Mat 19:13Mat 20:31Mrk 1:25Mrk 3:12Mrk 4:39Mrk 8:30Mrk 8:32Mrk 8:33Mrk 9:25Mrk 10:13Mrk 10:48Luk 4:35Luk 4:39Luk 4:41Luk 8:24Luk 9:21Luk 17:3Luk 18:15Luk 18:39Luk 19:39Luk 23:402Ti 4:2Jud 1:9
Compound of
Word studyResearch-gradeeh-pee-tee-MAH-ohverb

What epitimaō means

to rebuke: to speak sharply and with authority to correct, warn, or bring someone or something under control

TranslatabilityPartialCertaintyStrong

This is a word of authority spoken from a higher position to a lower one. At its plainest it means to scold, sharply warn, or correct: a parent to a child, a teacher to a student, a leader to a crowd. That everyday courtroom-and-marketplace meaning is what the word carried in ordinary Greek long before the New Testament, and the New Testament keeps using it that way, from the crowd hushing a blind beggar to Paul telling Timothy to rebuke wrong teaching.

But the same word took on a second life in Jewish writings. When the Greek Old Testament needed a word for the moment God speaks and the sea flees, the enemy scatters, or Satan is silenced, it reached for this verb. So alongside the plain meaning, the word can carry the weight of a commanding word that actually forces the thing it addresses into submission.

The Gospels use both kinds of force, sometimes side by side. The very same word describes Jesus silencing a demon, calming a storm, healing a fever, correcting Peter, and shushing the disciples. What ties every use together is a single idea: an authoritative voice that expects to be obeyed. The context decides how much force is in view, from a mild reproof to a word that drives out evil.

Scholars debate whether the stronger sense is built into the word itself or is simply what the surrounding story supplies. Because the plainest uses and the most charged uses sit in the same books, most take it as one flexible word whose force rises and falls with its setting, rather than a set of separate meanings.

Nuances

1ato rebuke, scold, or sharply warn a person or group: everyday corrective speech from someone with authority
Mat 12:16Mat 16:22Mat 19:13Mat 20:31Mrk 8:30Mrk 8:32Mrk 8:33Mrk 10:13Mrk 10:48Luk 9:21Luk 9:55Luk 17:3
1bto rebuke a demon or evil spirit: a commanding word that drives it out or silences it
Mat 17:18Mrk 1:25Mrk 3:12Mrk 9:25Luk 4:35Luk 4:41Luk 9:42Jud 1:9
1cto rebuke wind, sea, or a fever: a commanding word that stills a threatening force
Mat 8:26Mrk 4:39Luk 4:39Luk 8:24

What scholars say about epitimaō

The verb is denominative from τιμή (value, honor, penalty) and in classical and Hellenistic Greek runs across a fan of senses catalogued by LSJ: to honor, to raise in price, to fix a penalty, and (the dominant Attic prose sense) to censure or rebuke, with a firm juridical pedigree in the papyri and inscriptions (the fixed doublet ἐπιτιμᾶν καὶ ζημιοῦν, censure and fine). Its second, Semitic register is central to the NT debate: in the LXX ἐπιτιμάω is the regular equivalent of Hebrew גָּעַר (gaʿar), where God is overwhelmingly the subject and the objects are cosmic enemies (the sea, Ps 104:7; the Red Sea, Ps 106:9; the nations, Isa 17:13; Satan, Zech 3:2). Howard Clark Kee (NTS 14, 1968) argued from the verb's near-total absence from Hellenistic magical vocabulary and its LXX and Qumran-Aramaic exorcistic use (1QapGen XX; 1QM xiv) that in Mark it is a near-technical term for the commanding word by which evil powers are subjected. Kee's background thesis has been widely adopted (Guelich, Marcus, Yarbro Collins, Edwards, Bauckham, Grindheim) and reinforced by later work on the גער exorcistic formula (Joosten, DSD 2014; Kennedy's componential analysis, JBL 1987, defining the core as an authoritative utterance producing subjection). A cautious wing (France, Davies-Allison, Nolland, Bock, Fitzmyer, and Voigt's 2025 Durham dissertation) resists making it a fixed technical term, noting that within the same Gospels the verb also means garden-variety scolding (Mark 10:48; 2 Tim 4:2), so context rather than the lexeme carries the cosmic-combat freight. The defensible synthesis: one verb of wide range whose Septuagintal register lets a single occurrence sound both the courtroom of Athens and the throne-room of Zechariah.

Where scholars disagree about epitimaō

Whether ἐπιτιμάω functions in the Gospels (especially Mark) as a near-technical term for the authoritative commanding word that subdues evil powers, or retains its ordinary range of meaning with context alone supplying any cosmic-combat force.

  • majorityIt is a near-technical term for eschatological subjugation, carrying an anti-demonic, divine-warrior charge inherited from the LXX rendering of גָּעַר and Qumran Aramaic usage.; H. C. Kee, The Terminology of Mark's Exorcism Stories, NTS 14 (1968): 238, 246; J. Marcus, Mark 1-8 (AYBC 27; Doubleday, 2000); R. Bauckham, Jude, 2 Peter (WBC 50; Word, 1983), 60-62
  • minorityIt remains an ordinary verb of wide range; the same books use it for plain scolding, so context, not the word itself, carries any cosmic-combat freight.; R. T. France, The Gospel of Mark (NIGTC; Eerdmans, 2002), 103-104, 224; J. P. Voigt, Jesus, the Divine Exorcist (Ph.D. diss., Durham University, 2025)
In-depth research

This is a research paper, so it may be hard to read without scholarly background. It is useful if you want to dig even deeper into this word.

Sources

  • LSJ, Greek-English Lexicon (9th ed., Oxford 1940), s.v. ἐπιτιμάωlexicon
  • G. Stählin, ἐπιτιμάω, ἐπιτιμία, TDNT 2:623-627dictionary
  • H. C. Kee, The Terminology of Mark's Exorcism Stories, NTS 14 (1968): 232-246article
  • J. Kennedy, The Root GʿR in the Light of Semantic Analysis, JBL 106 (1987): 47-64article
  • J. Joosten, The Verb גער to Exorcize in Qumran Aramaic and Beyond, Dead Sea Discoveries 21.3 (2014): 347-355article
  • A. Caquot, גָּעַר gāʿar, TDOT 3:49-53dictionary
  • R. A. Guelich, Mark 1-8:26 (WBC 34A; Word, 1989), 57-58commentary
  • J. Marcus, Mark 1-8 (AYBC 27; Doubleday, 2000)commentary
  • R. T. France, The Gospel of Mark (NIGTC; Eerdmans, 2002), 103-104, 224commentary
  • R. Bauckham, Jude, 2 Peter (WBC 50; Word, 1983), 60-62commentary

All attested forms of ἐπιτιμάω

aorist active indicative 3s

ἐπετίμησεν

Mat 8:26, Mat 12:16, Mat 17:18, Mat 20:31, Mrk 1:25, Mrk 4:39, Mrk 8:30, Mrk 8:33

aorist active imperative 2s

ἐπιτίμησον

Luk 17:3, Luk 19:39, 2Ti 4:2

imperfect active indicative 3p

ἐπετίμων

Mrk 10:48, Luk 18:15, Luk 18:39

aorist active indicative 3p

ἐπετίμησαν

Mat 19:13, Mrk 10:13

present active infinitive

ἐπιτιμᾶν

Mat 16:22, Mrk 8:32

present active participle nominative m s

ἐπιτιμῶν

Luk 4:41, Luk 23:40

aorist active optative 3s

ἐπιτιμήσαι

Jud 1:9

aorist active participle nominative m s

ἐπιτιμήσας

Luk 9:21

imperfect active indicative 3s

ἐπετίμα

Mrk 3:12