to put a question to someone: to ask, inquire, or question a person directly
This verb is the ordinary word for turning to a person and asking. Built from the common Greek word for asking plus a prefix that points the action squarely at the one being addressed, it almost always means to question someone face to face and expect a reply. In the Gospels it is the verb of the back and forth between Jesus and the people around him: his followers ask him what a parable means, opponents test him with trick questions, and Jesus in turn questions them.
The shades within this one idea sort by who is asking and why. Most often it is a plain request for information or an answer. Sometimes it is a formal interrogation, where a person in authority presses someone under examination, as when Pilate and the high priest question Jesus at his trial. The same word also reaches just beyond ordinary asking: in one place it means to ask for something demanded of another, and in a quotation from Isaiah it means to ask after, or seek out, God himself.
These are not separate words but neighboring uses of a single act. Whether the tone is curious, hostile, official, or pleading, the core is the same: someone directs a question to someone else and waits for the response.