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endeiknumi

ἐνδείκνυμι

GreekG1731show, demonstrate, ...

Appears 11 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Rom 2:15Rom 9:17Rom 9:222Co 8:24Eph 2:71Ti 1:162Ti 4:14Tit 2:10Tit 3:2Heb 6:10Heb 6:11
Compound of
Root family
Word studyen-DIKE-noo-meeverb

What endeiknumi means

to put something of your own on open display through what you do: to show your power, your character, or your attitude by acting on it

TranslatabilityApproximateCertaintySettled

Greek has a plainer verb for showing (δεικνύω), which can point at an object or let someone have a look at something. This word is narrower and more personal. What gets shown always belongs to the one showing it: his power, her loyalty, their gentleness, his hostility. And it is shown by doing rather than by saying. You cannot use this word for handing someone a map. You use it for a person whose conduct makes plain what they are really like.

The New Testament divides its eleven uses almost evenly between God and people, and the two feel quite different in English even though the word does not change.

  • With God or Christ as the one acting, the word carries the weight of a purpose: Pharaoh was raised up so that God's power would be put on display, and the church exists so that the coming ages will see the overwhelming riches of his kindness.
  • With people as the ones acting, the word turns practical: prove your love where the churches can see it, show every kind of good faith at work, be gentle toward everyone, keep up the same eagerness right to the end.

The odd use is in 2 Timothy 4:14, where the thing displayed is not a virtue but harm. Alexander the coppersmith "showed" Paul many evils, which English versions sensibly render "did me great harm." This is a set expression that already appears in the Greek Old Testament, and it works the same way as the rest: hostility, like kindness, is something a person puts on display by acting on it.

Where a related verb (φανερόω) is about uncovering something that had been hidden, this one takes for granted that the quality is already there and asks only whether it can be seen. That is why it suits both a God who acts in history and a congregation asked to make its love visible.

Nuances

1afor God or Christ to put his own power, anger, kindness, or patience on open display in what he does
Rom 9:17Rom 9:22Eph 2:71Ti 1:16
1bfor people to make a quality real and visible in how they treat others
TranslatabilityDirect
2Co 8:24Tit 2:10Tit 3:2Heb 6:10Heb 6:11
1cto give visible proof of something that would otherwise stay hidden
Rom 2:15
1dto aim treatment at someone, in the one instance the doing of harm
2Ti 4:14

What scholars say about endeiknumi

BDAG divides the verb into two entries: to direct attention to something, show or demonstrate, which covers most of the New Testament occurrences; and to do something to someone, listed for 2 Timothy 4:14 with the Septuagint parallel at Genesis 50:15, 17. LSJ records the same construction in classical usage (the middle with a personal dative and a neuter object of harm) alongside the well attested sense of displaying a quality in oneself, and Moulton and Milligan document the display sense in the documentary papyri. Paul's usage in Romans 9:17 is drawn from the Septuagint of Exodus 9:16, which renders the Hebrew causative of ראה, and this supplies the strongest link between the Greek verb and the Hebrew idiom of God causing his power to be seen. On Romans 2:15 Cranfield and Dunn take the verb evidentially, the Gentiles' conduct furnishing proof of the law's work written on their hearts, though the identity of those Gentiles remains disputed on other grounds. The cognate noun ἔνδειξις stands beside the verb in 2 Corinthians 8:24, where Paul asks the Corinthians to make a demonstration of the demonstration of their love.

Sources

  • BDAG, s.v. ἐνδείκνυμιlexicon
  • LSJ, s.v. ἐνδείκνυμιlexicon
  • James Hope Moulton and George Milligan, The Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (1930), s.v. ἐνδείκνυμαιlexicon
  • C. E. B. Cranfield, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans (ICC, 1975), on Romans 2:15 and 9:17-23commentary
  • James D. G. Dunn, Romans 1-8 (Word Biblical Commentary 38A, 1988), on Romans 2:15commentary
  • I. Howard Marshall, The Pastoral Epistles (ICC, 1999), on Titus 2:10 and 2 Timothy 4:14commentary
  • Paul Ellingworth, The Epistle to the Hebrews (NIGTC, 1993), on Hebrews 6:10-11commentary

All attested forms of ἐνδείκνυμι

aorist middle subjunctive 3s

ἐνδείξηται

Eph 2:7, 1Ti 1:16

present middle participle accusative m p

ἐνδεικνυμένους

Tit 2:10, Tit 3:2

aorist middle indicative 2p

ἐνεδείξασθε

Heb 6:10

aorist middle indicative 3s

ἐνεδείξατο

2Ti 4:14

aorist middle infinitive

ἐνδείξασθαι

Rom 9:22

aorist middle subjunctive 1s

ἐνδείξωμαι

Rom 9:17

present middle indicative 3p

ἐνδείκνυνται

Rom 2:15

present middle infinitive

ἐνδείκνυσθαι

Heb 6:11

present middle participle nominative m p

ἐνδεικνύμενοι

2Co 8:24