StrongerBible

todah

תּוֹדָה

HebrewH8426thanksgiving, praise, ...

Appears 32 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Lev 7:12 (2×)Lev 7:13Lev 7:15Lev 22:29Jos 7:192Ch 29:31 (2×)2Ch 33:16Ezr 10:11Neh 12:27Neh 12:31Neh 12:38Neh 12:40Psa 26:7Psa 42:4(5)Psa 50:14Psa 50:23Psa 56:12(13)Psa 69:30(31)Psa 95:2Psa 100:0(1)Psa 100:4Psa 107:22Psa 116:17Psa 147:7Isa 51:3Jer 17:26Jer 30:19
Word studyResearch-gradetoh-DAHnoun

What todah means

the public acknowledgment of what God has done: openly declaring his rescue before others, in word and in the offering that goes with it

TranslatabilityPartialCertaintyStrong

This word names a single act seen from several angles. At its center is a person who was in trouble, was rescued by God, and now stands up before the community to say so out loud. The same word covers the spoken declaration, the song that carries it, the sacrifice offered at the temple to mark the rescue, and even the choir that performs the whole thing. English Bibles usually shrink all of this to "thanksgiving," but the word is less about a private feeling of gratitude and more about going public: making known, before witnesses, the specific thing God did.

That is why the same word can sit in a sacrifice law and in a worship song without changing its meaning. In the law of offerings it is the rescued person's sacrifice, eaten the same day at a shared meal so that a crowd has to be invited and the rescue gets told. In the worship songs it is the testimony itself, the voice raised to report God's deed. In one striking case it is the name for two great processional choirs marching on the city wall. These are not separate definitions but one act wearing different clothes: the meal, the song, the choir, and the spoken word are all ways of acknowledging God in the open.

A related use turns the same idea toward owning the truth about oneself. When a guilty person is told to acknowledge God by confessing what he has done, the word reaches for that honest admission as well. Whether the truth being acknowledged is God's saving deed or one's own failure, the act is the same: giving God his due by saying out loud what is really so.

Nuances

1aspoken or sung acknowledgment: openly declaring and praising God for a specific deed of rescue
Psa 26:7Psa 42:4(5)Psa 69:30(31)Psa 95:2Psa 100:0(1)Psa 100:4Psa 147:7Isa 51:3Jer 30:19Jon 2:9
1bthe thank offering: the sacrifice a rescued person brought to the temple, shared as a same-day meal that turned the rescue into a public feast
Lev 7:12 (2×)Lev 7:13Lev 7:15Lev 22:292Ch 29:31 (2×)2Ch 33:16Psa 50:14Psa 50:23Psa 56:12(13)Psa 107:22Psa 116:17Jer 17:26
1ca thanksgiving choir: the processional company that embodies the public acknowledgment
Neh 12:27Neh 12:31Neh 12:38Neh 12:40
1dacknowledgment of guilt: owning the truth before God by confessing what one has done
Jos 7:19Ezr 10:11

What scholars say about todah

The dominant view in modern Hebraistic scholarship, articulated by Westermann (THAT/TLOT) and developed by Mayer (TDOT), treats תּוֹדָה as a nomen actionis on the root ידה, a verbum dicendi, whose core is public, declarative acknowledgment rather than transactional thanks. Westermann argued that Hebrew lacks a distinct lexeme for private "thank": what is rendered "thank" is always at once berichtende Lob, narrative praise of a particular deed before a congregation. Within the praise vocabulary scholars distinguish it from הלל (extolling who God is) and from the musical and covenantal terms. The noun's two bodies, speech and sacrifice, are joined in Lev 7:11-15, where the זבח תודה is one sub-type of the שלמים, accompanied uniquely by leavened bread and restricted to same-day consumption. Milgrom (AB Leviticus) reads that short eating window as the mechanism forcing a public communal feast at which the Danklied was sung; Levine (In the Presence of the Lord; JPS Leviticus) and Anderson (A Time to Mourn, a Time to Dance; "The Praise of God as a Cultic Event") concur that verbal praise and sacrifice were conjoined, not opposed. Gunkel's form-critical Danklied des Einzelnen anchored the genre in this rite; Crusemann re-defended the formal independence of hymn and Danklied against Westermann's reduction; Janowski has recovered Dankbarkeit as a genuine anthropological category. The LXX renders the noun chiefly by ainesis or exomologesis, only rarely by euchariste-language. The most ambitious modern thesis, Gese's claim that the toda is the cultic matrix of the Lord's Supper (endorsed by Kraus and Ratzinger), has met sustained criticism from Hofius, Klauck, Klawans, and Lohr on philological and historical grounds.

Where scholars disagree about todah

Whether the spoken acknowledgment and the sacrificial offering named by this word were always one unified act, or whether Israel developed a trajectory in which the verbal acknowledgment came to relativize and eventually replace the animal sacrifice.

  • majorityThe verbal praise and the sacrifice were never opposed but were two halves of one cultic act throughout; the verses that seem to elevate praise over sacrifice are not abolishing it.; G. A. Anderson, "The Praise of God as a Cultic Event," in Priesthood and Cult in Ancient Israel (JSOTSup 125; Sheffield, 1991), 15-33; J. Klawans, Purity, Sacrifice, and the Temple (Oxford UP, 2006)
  • minorityIsrael developed a spiritualizing trajectory in which the verbal toda increasingly stood for, and could substitute for, the cultic offering.; H. Gese, "Die Herkunft des Herrenmahls" / "The Origin of the Lord's Supper" (Augsburg, 1981), 117-140

Whether this word and its associated rite form the cultic and theological background of the New Testament Lord's Supper.

  • minorityThe thanksgiving sacrifice and its songs are the matrix of the Lord's Supper; the Eucharist is in effect the toda of the risen Christ.; H. Gese, "The Origin of the Lord's Supper," in Essays on Biblical Theology (Augsburg, 1981), 117-140; H.-J. Kraus, Theology of the Psalms, trans. Crim (Fortress, 1986)
  • contestedThe thesis is theologically attractive but does not survive philological and historical scrutiny; the Greek thanksgiving vocabulary does not specifically render this Hebrew word, and the structural parallels are too generic.; H. Löhr, "The Eucharist and Jewish Ritual Meals: The Case of the tôdāh," Early Christianity 7/4 (2016): 468-483; O. Hofius, "Herrenmahl und Herrenmahlsparadosis," ZThK 85 (1988): 371-408
In-depth research

This is a research paper, so it may be hard to read without scholarly background. It is useful if you want to dig even deeper into this word.

Sources

  • C. Westermann, "ydh," in Theologisches Handwörterbuch zum Alten Testament (THAT) I, cols. 674-682; ET TLOT 2:502-8lexicon
  • C. Westermann, Praise and Lament in the Psalms, trans. Crim and Soulen (John Knox, 1981), 25-35, 102-116monograph
  • G. Mayer with H. Ringgren, "ydh," in TDOT 5:427-43lexicon
  • HALOT, s.v. ידהlexicon
  • BDB, s.v. ידה (3034) and תּוֹדָה (8426)lexicon
  • J. Milgrom, Leviticus 1-16 (AB 3; Doubleday, 1991), 217-225commentary
  • B. A. Levine, In the Presence of the Lord (SJLA 5; Brill, 1974), 3-52monograph
  • G. A. Anderson, A Time to Mourn, a Time to Dance (Penn State Press, 1991)monograph
  • H. Gunkel and J. Begrich, Einleitung in die Psalmen (V&R, 1933), 199-221monograph
  • F. Crüsemann, Studien zur Formgeschichte von Hymnus und Danklied in Israel (WMANT 32; Neukirchener Verlag, 1969)monograph
  • B. Janowski, "Dankbarkeit. Ein anthropologischer Grundbegriff im Spiegel der Toda-Psalmen," in Ritual und Poesie (HBS 36; Herder, 2003), 91-136article
  • H. Gese, "Die Herkunft des Herrenmahls," in Zur biblischen Theologie (BEvTh 64; Kaiser, 1977), 107-127; ET in Essays on Biblical Theology (Augsburg, 1981), 117-140article
  • H. Löhr, "The Eucharist and Jewish Ritual Meals: The Case of the tôdāh," Early Christianity 7/4 (2016): 468-483article
  • J. Klawans, Purity, Sacrifice, and the Temple (Oxford UP, 2006)monograph
  • L. Allen, "ידה," NIDOTTE 2:405-6lexicon

All attested forms of תּוֹדָה

f s absolute

תּוֹדָה, בְּתוֹדָה, וְתוֹדָה, הַתּוֹדָה, וְהַתּוֹדָה, לְתוֹדָה

Lev 7:12, Lev 22:29, Jos 7:19, Ezr 10:11, Psa 26:7, Psa 50:14, Psa 50:23, Psa 107:22

f p absolute

וְתוֹדוֹת, תּוֹדֹת, הַתּוֹדֹת, וּבְתוֹדוֹת

2Ch 29:31, 2Ch 29:31, Neh 12:31, Psa 56:12, Neh 12:40, Neh 12:27

f s construct

תּוֹדַת

Lev 7:13, Lev 7:15