StrongerBible

rakhal

רָכַל

HebrewH7402merchant, trader, ...

Appears 17 times · tap a cell to see the verses

1Ki 10:15Neh 3:31Neh 3:32Neh 13:20Sng 3:6Ezk 17:4Ezk 27:3Ezk 27:13Ezk 27:15Ezk 27:17Ezk 27:20Ezk 27:22 (2×)Ezk 27:23 (2×)Ezk 27:24Nam 3:16
Root family
Word studyrah-KHALverb

What rakhal means

a traveling merchant: a trader or peddler who goes from place to place buying and selling goods

TranslatabilityApproximateCertaintyStrong

The picture behind this word is a trader on the move. It never stands still as a bare action word in the Bible; it always turns up as the name for the person who does the moving, the merchant or peddler who carries his wares from town to town and drives his bargains wherever he lands.

Its great showcase is the seaport of Tyre in Ezekiel 27, where the traders of nation after nation bring their goods to the world's marketplace. The same word names the merchants of Nineveh, whose numbers are said to rival the stars (Nahum 3:16); the traders Solomon taxed (1 Kings 10:15); the merchants Nehemiah shut out of Jerusalem on the Sabbath (Nehemiah 13:20); and, in a softer key, the merchant whose fragrant powders perfume the air in the Song of Songs.

The word leans toward the smaller trader, the peddler who hawks his wares, often spices and perfumes, from place to place. That sets it a little apart from the larger-scale merchant (סָחַר) and from the Canaanite trader (כְּנַעֲנִי), whose people's name became a byword for trafficking. In practice all three overlap, and English Bibles usually settle on "merchant" for each.

1Ki 10:15Neh 3:31Neh 3:32Neh 13:20Sng 3:6Ezk 17:4Ezk 27:3Ezk 27:13Ezk 27:15Ezk 27:17Ezk 27:20Ezk 27:22 (2×)

What scholars say about rakhal

The root רכל denotes going about from place to place, and in Biblical Hebrew it survives almost entirely as the qal participle רֹכֵל, "trader, merchant" (BDB; HALOT; DCH). The lexica connect it with the noun רְכֻלָּה "merchandise" and, through the shared notion of going about, with רָכִיל "slanderer, talebearer" (H7400). The word concentrates in the trade oracle against Tyre (Ezekiel 27) and is frequently distinguished from סֹחֵר (H5503): רֹכֵל is taken as the smaller-scale peddler, especially of spices, over against the wholesale or caravan merchant, though the two clearly overlap in commercial contexts. Zimmerli and Block survey the dense commercial vocabulary of Ezekiel 27 in which the word clusters.

Sources

  • BDB, s.v. רכלlexicon
  • HALOT, s.v. רכלlexicon
  • DCH, s.v. רכלlexicon
  • W. Zimmerli, Ezekiel 2 (Hermeneia)commentary
  • D. I. Block, The Book of Ezekiel, Chapters 25-48 (NICOT)commentary

All attested forms of רָכַל

qal participle m p construct

רֹכְלַיִ, רֹכְלָיִ, רֹכְלֵי

Ezk 27:15, Ezk 27:24, Nam 3:16, Ezk 27:13, Ezk 27:17, Ezk 27:22, Ezk 27:22, Ezk 27:23

qal participle m p absolute

רֹכְלִים

1Ki 10:15, Neh 3:31, Neh 3:32, Neh 13:20, Ezk 17:4

qal participle f s construct

רֹכַלְתֵּ

Ezk 27:20, Ezk 27:23

qal participle f s absolute

רֹכֶלֶת

Ezk 27:3

qal participle m s absolute

רוֹכֵל

Sng 3:6