a curse: words that call down harm, the doom they bring, and the disgrace of becoming a byword
This is the plain noun for a curse, the mirror opposite of a blessing. It covers the whole arc of cursing: the spoken words that invoke harm on someone, the ruin those words are meant to produce, and the lasting shame of a person or place whose downfall is so complete that their name becomes a stock example others use when they wish evil on an enemy.
The three senses are one idea seen at three stages. A malediction is uttered; if it lands, its victim comes under the doom it named; and in the worst case that victim ends up a public byword, the very picture of a cursed life. Scripture moves easily among these shades, most famously in Deuteronomy, where the blessing and the curse are laid side by side as the two possible outcomes of the covenant.
The word grows from a root meaning to be light or of little weight, so at bottom to curse someone is to treat them as slight, to wish them reduced and belittled. That is the flavor to keep in mind: not a magic spell, but a weighty spoken verdict that lowers its target.