StrongerBible

tsappaḥat

צַפַּחַת

HebrewH6835jar

Appears 7 times · tap a cell to see the verses

1Sa 26:111Sa 26:121Sa 26:161Ki 17:121Ki 17:141Ki 17:161Ki 19:6
Root family
Word studytsah-PAH-khatnoun

What tsappaḥat means

a small clay flask: the little jug that holds a personal supply of water or oil

TranslatabilityApproximateCertaintySettled

This word names a thing, not an action: a small fired clay flask, narrow enough to pour a trickle and light enough to carry in one hand. It is the little vessel, never the big household storage jar. When the two appear in the same sentence the difference in size is the whole point, as in the widow's house at Zarephath, where the last of the flour sits in a large jar (כַּד) and the last of the oil sits in this small flask.

Four of its seven appearances are a flask of water, and three of those sit beside someone asleep:

  • Saul sleeps in the middle of his camp with his spear planted in the ground and this flask of water by his head
  • David slips in and lifts both away in the dark, taking them instead of the king's life
  • Elijah, worn out and asleep under a desert bush, wakes to find a baked cake and this flask of water set beside his head

The other three appearances are a flask of oil, all in the same story. A starving widow has a handful of flour and a little oil left, enough for one final meal before she and her son die. Elijah promises that the jar of flour will not be used up and the flask of oil will not run dry until the rains return, and the miracle is measured out by those two containers on her shelf.

Nothing about the vessel itself is remarkable, and that plainness is part of the effect. A missing water flask is enough to prove that a king lay helpless while his guards slept, and an oil flask that never quite empties is a quiet daily provision rather than a spectacle.

1Sa 26:111Sa 26:121Sa 26:161Ki 17:121Ki 17:141Ki 17:161Ki 19:6

What scholars say about tsappaḥat

The lexica are unanimous on the sense and differ only in how they render it. BDB (s.v. צַפַּחַת) glosses "jar" and gathers all seven occurrences under a single entry, the oil vessel of 1 Kings 17 and the water vessel of 1 Samuel 26 and 1 Kings 19 alike. HALOT (s.v. צַפַּחַת) gives "jug, juglet," a small pouring vessel; the derivation is treated as uncertain, and a connection with the root צפח has been proposed without being established, which is unsurprising for Semitic vessel names, many of which are wandering loanwords whose origin cannot be recovered. DCH lists the same seven occurrences with the gloss "jar, jug." The distribution is narrow and stylistically coherent: the noun occurs only in the Samuel and Kings narratives, is usually joined directly to the name of its contents (water or oil), and always appears in a scene where the vessel's small, portable size does narrative work. P. Kyle McCarter (I Samuel, AB 8, 1980) treats the water flask at Saul's head as one of the two tokens David carries off to prove he had the king at his mercy, alongside the spear. Mordechai Cogan (I Kings, AB 10, 2001) notes the deliberate pairing at Zarephath of the large meal jar כַּד with this smaller oil vessel, the two containers by which the sustaining miracle is measured. Standard treatments associate the object with the small juglet familiar from Iron Age household pottery, though the lexical evidence by itself does not fix one ceramic form.

Sources

  • BDB (Brown-Driver-Briggs), A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament, s.v. צַפַּחַתlexicon
  • HALOT (Koehler-Baumgartner), The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament, s.v. צַפַּחַתlexicon
  • DCH (Dictionary of Classical Hebrew), ed. D. J. A. Clines, s.v. צפחתlexicon
  • P. Kyle McCarter Jr., I Samuel (Anchor Bible 8, 1980)commentary
  • Mordechai Cogan, I Kings (Anchor Bible 10, 2001)commentary

All attested forms of צַפַּחַת

f s construct

צַפַּחַת

1Sa 26:11, 1Sa 26:12, 1Sa 26:16, 1Ki 17:14, 1Ki 17:16, 1Ki 19:6

f s absolute

צַּפָּחַת

1Ki 17:12