StrongerBible

tsad

צַד

HebrewH6654side, beside, ...

Appears 33 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Gen 6:16Exo 25:32 (3×)Exo 26:13Exo 30:4Exo 37:18 (3×)Exo 37:27Num 33:55Deu 31:26Jos 3:16Jos 12:9Jos 23:13Jdg 2:3Rut 2:141Sa 6:81Sa 20:201Sa 20:251Sa 23:26 (2×)2Sa 2:162Sa 13:34Psa 91:7Isa 60:4Isa 66:12Ezk 4:4Ezk 4:6Ezk 4:8 (2×)Ezk 4:9Ezk 34:21
Root family
Word studyTSAHDnoun

What tsad means

the side, flank, or edge of a body, object, or place; also used to mean beside or alongside

TranslatabilityDirectCertaintySettled

At its core this word names a side: the flank of a body, the face or edge of an object, or the space right next to something. Across all its uses the plain English word side carries the sense with almost no loss, which is why a reader rarely needs to look beyond a translation.

The word stretches naturally from one kind of side to another. It can be the flank of a person or animal (lying on one side, a sword thrust into the side, a child carried on the hip). It can be the side of a made thing: the wall of the ark, the branches coming out of the sides of the lampstand, the rings on the two sides of the altar. Very often it works almost like the word beside, marking where one thing sits next to another: sitting beside the reapers, a book set beside the ark, a town that lies beside another.

In a handful of places the picture turns figurative. To say enemies will be thorns in your sides is to say they will be a constant, close-up irritation you cannot shake off, not a single wound but an ongoing affliction pressed right against you.

Nuances

1athe side or flank of a body: a person's or animal's ribs, hip, or flank
2Sa 2:16Isa 60:4Isa 66:12Ezk 4:4Ezk 4:6Ezk 4:8 (2×)Ezk 4:9Ezk 34:21
1bthe side of a made object or structure: its wall, face, or the surface along its length
Gen 6:16Exo 25:32 (3×)Exo 26:13Exo 30:4Exo 37:18 (3×)Exo 37:27
1cat the side of, beside: right next to a person, place, or thing
Deu 31:26Jos 3:16Jos 12:9Rut 2:141Sa 6:81Sa 20:201Sa 20:251Sa 23:26 (2×)2Sa 13:34Psa 91:7
1da lasting affliction pictured as a thorn in one's side: hostile neighbors who keep harassing
Num 33:55Jos 23:13Jdg 2:3

What scholars say about tsad

The standard lexica (BDB, HALOT, DCH) treat צַד as a single noun meaning side, with a coherent range: the side of the body (2 Samuel 2:16; the lying-on-the-side sign of Ezekiel 4), the side of a manufactured object (the ark, the menorah, the altar), and a heavily prepositional use (מִצַּד, עַל־צַד, אֶל־צַד) meaning beside or at the side of. The plural in the thorns idiom (Numbers 33:55; Joshua 23:13; Judges 2:3) is discussed as figurative for persistent adversaries; Judges 2:3 in particular is a recognized crux, read either as an elliptical form of that idiom or emended toward a word for adversaries.

Sources

  • BDB, s.v. צַדlexicon
  • HALOT, s.v. צַדlexicon
  • DCH, s.v. צַדlexicon

All attested forms of צַד

m s construct

צַּד, צִדָּ, צַד

Deu 31:26, Jos 3:16, Jos 12:9, Rut 2:14, 1Sa 20:25, 1Sa 23:26, 1Sa 23:26, 2Sa 13:34

m s construct

צִדְּךָ, צִּדְּךָ, צִדֶּךָ

Ezk 4:4, Ezk 4:6, Ezk 4:9, Psa 91:7, Ezk 4:8, Ezk 4:8

m s construct

צִּדָּהּ, צִדָּהּ

Exo 25:32, Exo 25:32, Exo 37:18, Exo 37:18, Gen 6:16

m s absolute

צַד

Isa 60:4, Isa 66:12, Ezk 34:21

m p construct

צִדֵּיכֶם

Num 33:55, Jos 23:13

m p construct

צִּדֶּיהָ

Exo 25:32, Exo 37:18

m p construct

צִדָּיו

Exo 30:4, Exo 37:27

m p absolute

צִדִּים

Jdg 2:3

m p construct

צִדֵּי

Exo 26:13

m s construct

צִּדּוֹ

1Sa 6:8