StrongerBible

ezrah

עֶזְרָה

HebrewH5834Proper NounEzrah, Ezra

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1Ch 4:17
Word studyResearch-gradeez-RAHproper noun

What ezrah means

Ezrah: a man in the family records of Judah, whose name is simply the ordinary Hebrew word for help

TranslatabilityApproximateCertaintyStrong

Ezrah is named once in the Bible, and everything we know about him is in that one line: his sons were Jether, Mered, Epher, and Jalon (1 Chronicles 4:17). No story is attached to him, and no other passage mentions him. The record around him is gathering the families of southern Judah, and several of the names in it double as towns: Eshtemoa, Gedor, Soco, and Zanoah were real settlements, and the phrase "father of" in these lists often marks the household that founded or led a place rather than a strict parent and child. Ezrah, then, most likely heads a family group in that southern hill country.

His name is spelled exactly like the everyday Hebrew word for help (עֶזְרָה), so an ancient reader heard a meaning in it and not just a label. That idea was one of the most productive in Israelite naming, because a family that named a child this way was thanking God for stepping in. Azariah (עֲזַרְיָה) says it in full, "the LORD has helped," and short names like Ezra (עֶזְרָא) and Ezri (עֶזְרִי) trim the same thought down to a word or two. Ezrah belongs to that crowd of names.

The verse itself is one of the roughest patches of Hebrew in the Bible, and readers should know why their translations differ here. Three snags run together:

  • It opens with "and the son of Ezrah" in the singular and then lists four names, so nearly every English Bible prints "sons."
  • A few words later it says "and she conceived," though no woman has been named anywhere before it.
  • The closing words of the next verse name Bithiah, a daughter of Pharaoh whom Mered married, and most modern translations move that clause up to this verse so that she is the mother of the children listed here.

That last move is a sensible repair rather than something the text says, so the woman's identity stays a reasonable guess. What is not in doubt is Ezrah's own place: he stands in the list as the head of a family in Judah.

1Ch 4:17

What scholars say about ezrah

The name is identical in consonants and vocalization to the feminine abstract noun ezrah, "help" (H5833), a qitlat formation on the root azar corresponding to the masculine segolate ezer. STEPBible's morphology tags the single occurrence as a masculine proper noun. Short personal names of this shape are normally explained as shortened forms of longer theophoric names of the type azaryah, "YHWH has helped"; Noth (Die israelitischen Personennamen, 1928) catalogued the azar names as praise names, and the root is among the most productive in Israelite onomastics (azaryah/azaryahu, eliezer, achiezer, azriel, ezri, ezra, and the memorial name eben ha-ezer of 1 Samuel 7:12). Lipinski (TWAT 6:14-21 = TDOT 11:12-18) surveys the same naming material. Nothing beyond the one line of 1 Chronicles 4:17 is known about the bearer, and no other biblical text names him.

The verse is textually one of the most damaged in the Judahite genealogies of 1 Chronicles 2:3 to 4:23, which are themselves widely regarded as the most disordered material in Chronicles. Two problems converge. First, the Masoretic text reads u-ben, "and the son of," in the singular before four names; BHS and the standard modern versions read the plural bene with the ancient witnesses. Second, the following clause va-tahar, "and she conceived," has no antecedent subject anywhere in the preceding text. The standard remedy, proposed in the BHS apparatus and adopted in NRSV and NEB, transposes the closing clause of verse 18 (we-elleh bene bityah bat-paroh asher laqach mared, "and these are the sons of Bithiah, daughter of Pharaoh, whom Mered took") to stand before va-tahar, making Bithiah the mother of Miriam, Shammai, and Ishbah. Rudolph (Chronikbuecher, HAT 21, 1955), Williamson (1 and 2 Chronicles, NCBC, 1982), Braun (1 Chronicles, WBC 14, 1986), Japhet (I and II Chronicles, OTL, 1993), Knoppers (I Chronicles 1-9, AB 12, 2004), and Klein (1 Chronicles, Hermeneia, 2006) all discuss the disorder of verses 17 and 18 and the difficulty of restoring a coherent sequence; the reconstruction remains conjectural, and the commentaries differ over how far to rewrite the received order.

A further caution concerns the referential status of the entries. Throughout 1 Chronicles 2 to 4 the formula abi plus a place name (here abi eshtemoa; in verse 18 abi gedor, abi soko, abi zanoach) functions eponymously, marking the founding or leading household of a settlement rather than a strict father-son relation, and Eshtemoa, Gedor, Soco, and Zanoah are known Judahite towns. On this reading Ezrah stands in the list as a clan head of the southern Judahite hill country, which is why the genealogy can move between persons, families, and settlements without signalling the shift. The name should be kept distinct from ezrachi, "Ezrahite" (H0250), which belongs to the unrelated root azrach, and from ezra (H5830), the name of the postexilic scribe.

In-depth research

This is a research paper, so it may be hard to read without scholarly background. It is useful if you want to dig even deeper into this word.

Sources

  • HALOT (Koehler-Baumgartner-Stamm), Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament, s.v. ezrahlexicon
  • BDB (Brown-Driver-Briggs), Hebrew and English Lexicon (1906), 740b-741a, s.v. azar / ezrahlexicon
  • D. J. A. Clines, ed., Dictionary of Classical Hebrew, vol. 6 (2007), s.v. ezrahlexicon
  • M. Noth, Die israelitischen Personennamen im Rahmen der gemeinsemitischen Namengebung (1928)monograph
  • E. Lipinski, TWAT 6:14-21 = TDOT 11:12-18, s.v. azartheological-dictionary
  • W. Rudolph, Chronikbuecher (Handbuch zum Alten Testament 21, 1955), on 1 Chronicles 4:17-18commentary
  • H. G. M. Williamson, 1 and 2 Chronicles (New Century Bible Commentary, 1982), on 1 Chronicles 4:17-18commentary
  • R. L. Braun, 1 Chronicles (Word Biblical Commentary 14, 1986), on 1 Chronicles 4:17-18commentary
  • S. Japhet, I and II Chronicles (Old Testament Library, 1993), on 1 Chronicles 4:17-18commentary
  • G. N. Knoppers, I Chronicles 1-9 (Anchor Bible 12, 2004), on 1 Chronicles 4:17-18commentary
  • R. W. Klein, 1 Chronicles (Hermeneia, 2006), on 1 Chronicles 4:17-18commentary

All attested forms of עֶזְרָה

m

עֶזְרָה

1Ch 4:17