StrongerBible

neginah

נְגִינָה

HebrewH5058music, song, ...

Appears 14 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Job 30:9Psa 4:0(1)Psa 6:0(1)Psa 54:0(2)Psa 55:0(1)Psa 61:0(1)Psa 67:0(1)Psa 69:12(13)Psa 76:0(1)Psa 77:6(7)Isa 38:20Lam 3:14Lam 5:14Hab 3:19
Root family
Word studyneh-gee-NAHnoun

What neginah means

string music: the sound of a plucked instrument and the song set to it, whether played in worship or aimed at someone in mockery

TranslatabilityPartialCertaintyStrong

This noun belongs to the verb for plucking the strings of a lyre or harp (נָגַן), and it names the result of that plucking: the music the strings make, and the song performed to them. It is a small word, used only fourteen times, and it turns up in three fairly different settings.

  • In worship it is the music of God's people: Hezekiah, promised recovery, says that he and his household will play his music at the house of the LORD all their days.
  • In seven psalm titles it is a performance direction, usually put into English as "with stringed instruments", telling the music leader how the song was to be accompanied.
  • In the mouths of enemies it is the song they compose about a sufferer: Job says he has become their song, and the poet of Lamentations says he is their song all day long.

The mocking use is not a second word. A song is still a song; what changes is who sings it and about whom. To become someone's song is to be the subject of a tune everyone in town knows, and that is humiliating rather than flattering. The lines around it say the same thing other ways: the same person is called a laughingstock, a byword, and the entertainment of drunks.

What the psalm titles actually asked for is less clear. The word plainly has to do with playing strings, but whether the direction named the instruments, named the tune, or described a whole manner of performance cannot be settled from the handful of lines that carry it. Older English Bibles simply left it as a foreign word ("upon Neginah"); modern ones expand it into a phrase.

Nuances

1athe music of plucked strings, or the song played on them
TranslatabilityApproximate
Psa 77:6(7)Isa 38:20Lam 5:14
1bin the title of a psalm, a direction to perform the song with stringed instruments
TranslatabilityUntranslatableCertaintyContested
Psa 4:0(1)Psa 6:0(1)Psa 54:0(2)Psa 55:0(1)Psa 61:0(1)Psa 67:0(1)Psa 76:0(1)Hab 3:19
1ca song people make up about someone, sung to mock them
Job 30:9Psa 69:12(13)Lam 3:14

What scholars say about neginah

נְגִינָה is a feminine noun built on the root נגן (to play a stringed instrument), attested fourteen times. The lexica agree on its core and on its extension: BDB gives "music of a stringed instrument" alongside "song" in the sense of a taunt-song; HALOT gives "string music, playing on strings" with a second sub-entry "mocking song"; DCH catalogs the same distribution. Eight occurrences stand in performance directions: seven psalm superscriptions (Psalm 4; 6; 54; 55; 61; 67; 76) and the closing colophon of Habakkuk 3:19, where the formula לַמְנַצֵּחַ בִּנְגִינוֹתָי is appended to the prophet's prayer with a first-person suffix. Five of the titles use בְּ, while Psalm 61 (with the singular נְגִינַת) and Psalm 76 use עַל, the preposition that elsewhere in the superscriptions introduces what many take to be melody names (Psalm 22; 45; 56); hence the long-standing division over whether the note calls for stringed accompaniment or names a tune. The ancient Greek tradition renders the term with vocabulary of sung psalmody rather than a technical instrument note, an early sign that its precise force was already unclear. Craigie's excursus on the psalm titles and Kraus's treatment of the technical terms of the superscriptions survey the options; Braun's study of Israelite music describes the instruments in view, above all the כִּנּוֹר. The remaining occurrences divide between plain string music or song (Isaiah 38:20 in Hezekiah's psalm, where the plural with suffix is the object of the cognate verb נְנַגֵּן; Lamentations 5:14, where the young men cease from their music; Psalm 77:7 in Hebrew numbering, English 77:6, "my song in the night") and the taunt-song usage (Job 30:9, parallel with מִלָּה "byword"; Psalm 69:13 in Hebrew numbering, English 69:12, parallel with the talk of those who sit in the gate; Lamentations 3:14, parallel with שְׂחֹק "laughingstock"), which Hillers discusses at Lamentations 3:14 and which the closely related מַנְגִּינָה of Lamentations 3:63 confirms as an established use of the root.

Sources

  • BDB, s.v. נְגִינָהlexicon
  • HALOT, s.v. נְגִינָהlexicon
  • DCH, s.v. נְגִינָהlexicon
  • R. Laird Harris, Gleason L. Archer, and Bruce K. Waltke, Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament (TWOT), s.v. נגןtheological-dictionary
  • Joachim Braun, Music in Ancient Israel/Palestine: Archaeological, Written, and Comparative Sources (Eerdmans, 2002)monograph
  • Peter C. Craigie, Psalms 1-50 (Word Biblical Commentary 19, 1983)commentary
  • Hans-Joachim Kraus, Psalms 1-59: A Commentary (Continental Commentary, 1988)commentary
  • Delbert R. Hillers, Lamentations (Anchor Bible 7A, rev. ed. 1992)commentary

All attested forms of נְגִינָה

f p absolute

נְגִינֹת, נְגִינוֹת

Psa 54:0, Psa 55:0, Psa 67:0, Psa 76:0, Psa 4:0, Psa 6:0

f s construct

נְגִינָתָם, נְּגִינָתָם

Job 30:9, Lam 3:14, Lam 5:14

f p construct

נְגִינוֹתָי, נְגִנוֹתַי

Hab 3:19, Isa 38:20

f p construct

נְגִינוֹת

Psa 69:12

f s construct

נְגִינַת

Psa 61:0

f s construct

נְגִינָתִי

Psa 77:6