StrongerBible

ma'arav

מַעֲרָב

HebrewH4628west, westward

Appears 14 times · tap a cell to see the verses

1Ch 7:281Ch 12:15(16)1Ch 26:161Ch 26:181Ch 26:302Ch 32:302Ch 33:14Psa 75:6(7)Psa 103:12Psa 107:3Isa 43:5Isa 45:6Isa 59:19Dan 8:5
Root family
Word studymah-ah-RAHVnoun

What ma'arav means

west: the direction of the setting sun, and the western side or region it names

TranslatabilityDirectCertaintySettled

This is the plain Hebrew word for west, and it names the direction by the sunset. It is built on the same root as the word for "evening," so at heart it means the place where the sun goes in. Older Hebrew usually said west another way, by pointing at the Mediterranean lying out on that side and simply calling it the sea (יָם). This word belongs to the later books, and in them it has become the ordinary term.

About half of its uses are flat map work, most of them in Chronicles. It marks which side of the Jordan a family of officials served on, which gate a group of temple guards drew by lot, which side of the city of David a wall or a water channel ran along, and which town lay out west of another. In these places west is a bearing and nothing more.

The other half sits in poetry and prophecy, where west is set opposite east (מִזְרָח) to draw the widest line a person can imagine. Because the two words name the two ends of the sun's daily journey, putting them together is a way of saying "the whole world, edge to edge": God gathers his scattered people from both horizons, he carries sins off as far as the one is from the other, and his name is feared from one side of the sky to the other. The two uses are the same word at two scales, the near one and the farthest one there is.

Nuances

1athe western side or direction: the west of a city, a boundary, a territory, or the quarter something comes from
1Ch 7:281Ch 12:15(16)1Ch 26:161Ch 26:181Ch 26:302Ch 32:302Ch 33:14Dan 8:5
1bthe western horizon, the sunset end of the sky, paired with the east to mark the full width of the world
Psa 75:6(7)Psa 103:12Psa 107:3Isa 43:5Isa 45:6Isa 59:19

What scholars say about ma'arav

The lexica treat H4628 מַעֲרָב as a single noun formed from the root ערב I "to go in, set" (of the sun), hence "place of the sun's setting, west" (BDB; HALOT; DCH). It is a late lexeme: all fourteen occurrences fall in Chronicles, the later Psalms, Isaiah 40 to 66, and Daniel, where it has taken over from the older cardinal use of יָם "sea, seaward" as the standard term for west. Three occurrences carry the directional ending מַעְרָבָה (1 Chr 26:30; 2 Chr 32:30; 33:14), and Isa 45:6 shows the same ending inside the merism with מִזְרַח־שֶׁמֶשׁ. Two settings account for the whole distribution: prose orientation and boundary description in the Chronicler (1 Chr 7:28; 12:15; 26:16, 18, 30; 2 Chr 32:30; 33:14; and the directional usage of Dan 8:5), and the east/west merism of universal scope (Ps 103:12; 107:3; Isa 43:5; 45:6; 59:19), whose partner term is מִזְרָח or, at Ps 75:6, מוֹצָא. The lexica keep מַעֲרָב II "merchandise" (Ezek 27:9, 13, 17, 19, 25, 27, 33, 34; catalogued separately as H4627) as a distinct lexeme from ערב II "to exchange, give in pledge"; there is no semantic overlap with the directional noun and no dispute about the latter's sense.

Sources

  • BDB, s.v. מַעֲרָבlexicon
  • HALOT, s.v. מַעֲרָבlexicon
  • DCH, s.v. מַעֲרָבlexicon
  • NIDOTTE, s.v. ערבdictionary

All attested forms of מַעֲרָב

m s absolute

מַּעֲרָב, מַעְרָבָ, מַּעְרָבָ

1Ch 7:28, 1Ch 12:15, 1Ch 26:16, 1Ch 26:18, Psa 75:6, Psa 103:12, Psa 107:3, Isa 43:5

f s absolute

מַּעֲרָבָה

Isa 45:6