StrongerBible

min

מִין

HebrewH4327kind, species, ...

Appears 31 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Gen 1:11Gen 1:12 (2×)Gen 1:21 (2×)Gen 1:24 (2×)Gen 1:25 (3×)Gen 6:20 (3×)Gen 7:14 (4×)Lev 11:14Lev 11:15Lev 11:16Lev 11:19Lev 11:22 (4×)Deu 14:13Deu 14:14Deu 14:18Ezk 47:10
Root family
Word studyResearch-grademeennoun

What min means

a kind: one of the recognizable groups into which living things fall

TranslatabilityPartialCertaintySettled

This word names the fact that the living world comes in distinct, recognizable groups: birds, fish, land animals, and within them, this kind of bird and that kind of fish. It is one of the keywords of the opening chapters of the Bible, where it appears over and over to say that the world is ordered, not a blur. Plants, sea creatures, birds, and beasts each come forth "according to its kind."

The word is never used on its own. It always shows up in the same little phrase, "according to its kind," describing how God makes and sorts living things, or later how Israel is to sort them. So it is less a label stuck onto a single animal and more a way of saying "group by group, each true to its own type." The same idea then does practical work in the food laws, where naming one bird or one insect "and its kind" sweeps in the related creatures along with it.

The groups it points to are the broad, everyday ones an ordinary observer would notice, not the precise categories of modern biology. Depending on the passage it can mean something as wide as "all the creeping things" or as narrow as one particular type of locust. Its concern is that creation is bounded and reliable, with each sort reproducing its own sort. It says nothing about how those groups arose or whether they can change over time, and reading either modern evolution or a fixed-species theory into it asks the word a question it was never built to answer.

Nuances

1aa kind of creature as God brings it forth and preserves it, group by group, in the ordering of the world and through the flood
Gen 1:11Gen 1:12 (2×)Gen 1:21 (2×)Gen 1:24 (2×)Gen 1:25 (3×)Gen 6:20 (3×)Gen 7:14 (4×)
1ba kind of creature as a category in the food laws, where naming one animal "and its kind" extends the rule to the related creatures grouped with it
Lev 11:14Lev 11:15Lev 11:16Lev 11:19Lev 11:22 (4×)Lev 11:29Deu 14:13Deu 14:14Deu 14:15Deu 14:18
1ca kind of creature as a sign of restored, flourishing creation
Ezk 47:10

What scholars say about min

מִין is treated by the standard lexica as etymologically opaque, an essentially isolated Hebrew lexeme with no secure West-Semitic cognate (HALOT 2:577; Ringgren, TDOT 8:288-291; Wakely, NIDOTTE 2:934-935); BDB's tentative Arabic and Aramaic-loan proposals are now widely set aside, and the morphological tie to תְּמוּנָה remains unconfirmed. All 31 occurrences appear in the bound construction לְמִין + suffix, and the modern critical consensus (Joüon-Muraoka 133d-h, 137u; GKC 119i, 123c-d) reads it as a distributive adverbial, "each according to its kind," qualifying the act of creating or bringing forth, not as a static taxonomic label. Westermann, von Rad, Sarna, Cassuto, Wenham, Hamilton, and Walton read the tenfold Genesis 1 formula (echoed in the flood, Gen 6:20; 7:14) as part of the Priestly theology of bounded, ordered creation, paired with the verb הבדיל. In the dietary lists Milgrom (Leviticus 1-16, 643-742), Houston (Purity and Monotheism, 43-65), and Whitekettle (ZAW 117, 2005) show the formula functioning as a legal category-extender for intermediate-level folk taxa operating at sliding levels, representative not exhaustive. Smith (The Priestly Vision of Genesis 1) and Knohl link Gen 1 and Lev 11 as one classificatory cosmology, with Ezek 47:10 reusing the formula eschatologically. Across the spectrum scholars reject equating the word with a Linnaean species, and reject baraminology's use of it for fixed created kinds, since the word is never a free sortal noun and the dietary uses operate at multiple taxonomic levels.

Where scholars disagree about min

How much theological weight the word can bear, and whether its sense shifts between the creation account and the dietary laws.

  • majorityThe word carries a substantial Priestly theology of ordered, bounded creation, the same conceptual frame underlying both Genesis 1 and the dietary laws, differing only in genre (cosmogony versus law).; Jacob Milgrom, Leviticus 1-16 (AB 3; Doubleday, 1991), 643-742; Mark S. Smith, The Priestly Vision of Genesis 1 (Fortress, 2010)
  • minorityIn the dietary lists the term works more pragmatically as folk-shorthand for boundary-drawing, with less cosmological weight than that reading assigns it.; Erhard S. Gerstenberger, Leviticus (OTL; Westminster John Knox, 1996)
In-depth research

This is a research paper, so it may be hard to read without scholarly background. It is useful if you want to dig even deeper into this word.

Sources

  • BDB, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (Clarendon, 1906), 568lexicon
  • HALOT (Brill English ed., 1994-2000), 2:577lexicon
  • Helmer Ringgren, "מין," Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament 8 (Eerdmans, 1997), 288-291lexicon
  • Robin Wakely, "מִין" (NIDOTTE #4786), New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis 2 (Zondervan, 1997), 934-935lexicon
  • Jacob Milgrom, Leviticus 1-16 (AB 3; Doubleday, 1991), 643-742commentary
  • Walter Houston, Purity and Monotheism: Clean and Unclean Animals in Biblical Law (JSOTSup 140; Sheffield, 1993), 43-65monograph
  • Robert Whitekettle, "The Raven as Kind and Kinds of Ravens," ZAW 117/4 (2005): 509-528article
  • Claus Westermann, Genesis 1-11: A Commentary (Augsburg, 1984)commentary
  • Gordon J. Wenham, Genesis 1-15 (WBC 1; Word, 1987)commentary
  • Nahum Sarna, Genesis (JPS Torah Commentary, 1989)commentary
  • Mark S. Smith, The Priestly Vision of Genesis 1 (Fortress, 2010)monograph

All attested forms of מִין

m s construct

מִינֵהוּ, מִינוֹ

Gen 1:12, Gen 1:12, Gen 1:21, Gen 1:25, Gen 6:20, Gen 6:20, Gen 7:14, Gen 7:14

m s construct

מִינָהּ, מִינָה

Gen 1:24, Gen 1:24, Gen 1:25, Gen 1:25, Gen 6:20, Gen 7:14, Gen 7:14, Lev 11:14

m s construct

מִינֵהֶם

Gen 1:21