StrongerBible

lilit

לִילִית

HebrewH3917night creature, Lilith, ...

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Isa 34:14
Root family
Word studyResearch-gradelee-LEETnoun

What lilit means

a haunting creature of the ruined wilderness, most likely a restless desert spirit invoked alongside real night animals in a picture of total desolation

TranslatabilityUntranslatableCertaintyContested

This word appears only once in the whole Bible, in Isaiah's vision of Edom reduced to a wasteland (Isaiah 34:14). It sits in a list of creatures that will take over the ruins: wild animals, howling beasts, a wild goat calling to its mate, and this figure, which then settles down and finds itself a resting place. Because the word is used just once, and because Isaiah is deliberately painting a scene of dread, its exact identity has been argued over for centuries.

The two poles of the debate are whether it names an ordinary night bird (something like a screech owl or nightjar, fitting the birds nesting and brooding in the very next verse) or a female desert spirit borrowed from the older cultures of Mesopotamia, where a class of restless spirits was thought to haunt lonely places. Most standard reference works, and every ancient translation of Isaiah, lean toward the spirit reading. That does not mean the fully developed figure that later Jewish folklore called Lilith (Adam's rebellious first wife, a stealer of babies) is present here. That character grew up much later. In Isaiah the word most likely points to a nameless haunting creature of the ruined land, one of many signs that Edom has been handed over to chaos and emptiness.

The famous name Lilith comes from this single verse, but the personality attached to it does not. Reading the later legend back into Isaiah is the main trap this word sets.

Isa 34:14

What scholars say about lilit

לִילִית is a hapax legomenon at Isa 34:14 whose interpretation runs a spectrum from ordinary nocturnal bird (G. R. Driver 1959; J. M. Blair, De-Demonising the Old Testament, 2009) to named female night-demon adapted from Mesopotamian lilītu (Wildberger; Blenkinsopp; Roberts; Childs; Hutter in DDD). The lexicographical mainstream (HALOT s.v.; BDB 539; Gesenius18) glosses a female night-demon. The older derivation from לַיְלָה night is now widely regarded as a secondary paronomastic resonance: Farber (RlA VII) and Hutter (DDD) trace lilû/lilītu/ardat lilî to Sumerian líl wind/spirit, and the Mesopotamian class denotes restless ghosts of the sexually unfulfilled dead rather than night-beings per se. Blair's contextual case rests on the avian language of v. 15 (קִפּוֹז nesting, laying, brooding) as continuous with לִילִית; the mixed-catalog reading (Wildberger, Blenkinsopp, Roberts, Childs) answers that only some members of vv. 11-15 need be demonic, signaled by parallelism with שָׂעִיר and the decreation trope (תֹּהוּ וָבֹהוּ, v. 11). Every ancient version reads demonologically (LXX ὀνοκένταυροι/δαιμόνια; Symmachus λάμια; Vulgate lamia; Targum Jonathan plural לִילִין; Peshitta), and 1QIsaa, 4Q510 1.5, and the Targum all pluralize, indicating that by the late Second Temple period the term was understood as a class of demons rather than a personal name; the personalized Lilith crystallizes only later (Talmudic hints; Alphabet of Ben Sira; the Aramaic incantation bowls, where lilith conflates with child-killing Lamaštu). The alleged early pillars of the Mesopotamian background have been eroded: Kramer's Lilith in the ḫuluppu-tree passage is now read as ki-sikil-líl-lá spirit-maiden (George; Alster), the Burney Relief identification is discredited (Collon 2005: Ereshkigal/Ishtar of the Underworld), and the reading lilith on the Arslan Tash plaques (KAI 27) is disputed (Cross-Saley; Sperling; Pardee read ll z this night). Handy (ABD) judges the Hebrew-Akkadian link scant if present at all. The synthesis best supported: a desert-haunting chaos-spirit of the broader West Semitic lilû/lilītu inheritance, a poetic singular for a class (cf. the versional plurals), invoked in parallel with שָׂעִיר to mark Edom as anti-creation, neither the etymological night-demoness nor the medieval personified Lilith nor simply a screech-owl.

Where scholars disagree about lilit

Whether לִילִית at Isa 34:14 denotes an ordinary nocturnal bird or a supernatural desert spirit/demon.

  • majorityA female night-demon or wilderness chaos-spirit, on the same poetic plane as שָׂעִיר, drawn from the broader West Semitic inheritance of the Mesopotamian lilû/lilītu class; the ancient versions, the Qumran and Targumic pluralizations, and the decreation frame of Isaiah 34 all support a demonological reading.; M. Hutter, DDD 2nd ed. (1999), 520-521; Hans Wildberger, Isaiah 28-39 (Fortress, 2002), on Isa 34; Joseph Blenkinsopp, Isaiah 1-39, AYB 19 (2000), 453; HALOT, s.v. לִילִית
  • minorityAn ordinary night bird (screech owl or nightjar), read from the continuous avian language of the surrounding verses (the nesting and brooding of the following creature) and from a plain Hebrew word-formation, with the demonic reading judged a circular retrojection of later Jewish categories.; J. M. Blair, De-Demonising the Old Testament, FAT II/37 (2009), ch. 4; G. R. Driver, "Lilith: Isa 34:14," PEQ 91 (1959): 55-57
  • minorityDeliberately ambiguous, the prophet exploiting the zoological and demonological liminality of the term for rhetorical effect rather than settling its identity.; Lowell K. Handy, "Lilith," ABD 4 (1992), 324-325; H. Wayne Ballard Jr., "Is Lilith Fair? An Observation from Isaiah 34:14," Review & Expositor 95 (1998): 583-587
In-depth research

This is a research paper, so it may be hard to read without scholarly background. It is useful if you want to dig even deeper into this word.

Sources

  • M. Hutter, "Lilith לילית," in Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, 2nd rev. ed. (Leiden: Brill; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1999), 520-521dictionary
  • J. M. Blair, De-Demonising the Old Testament, FAT II/37 (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2009), ch. 4monograph
  • Hans Wildberger, Isaiah 28-39: A Continental Commentary, trans. T. H. Trapp (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2002), on Isa 34commentary
  • Joseph Blenkinsopp, Isaiah 1-39, AYB 19 (New York: Doubleday, 2000), 453commentary
  • J. J. M. Roberts, First Isaiah, Hermeneia (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2015), on Isa 34commentary
  • Brevard S. Childs, Isaiah, OTL (Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2001), 252-256commentary
  • HALOT (Koehler-Baumgartner), study ed. (Leiden: Brill, 2001), s.v. לִילִיתlexicon
  • BDB, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (Peabody: Hendrickson, 2000), 539lexicon
  • G. R. Driver, "Lilith: Isa 34:14," Palestine Exploration Quarterly 91 (1959): 55-57article
  • W. Farber, "Lilû, Lilītu, Ardat-lilî. A. Philologisch," Reallexikon der Assyriologie VII (Berlin/New York: de Gruyter, 1987-90), 23-24dictionary
  • Lowell K. Handy, "Lilith," in Anchor Bible Dictionary, vol. 4 (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 324-325dictionary
  • D. Collon, The Queen of the Night (London: British Museum Press, 2005)monograph

All attested forms of לִילִית

f s absolute

לִּילִית

Isa 34:14