StrongerBible

kinnor

כִּנּוֹר

HebrewH3658harp, lyre

Appears 42 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Gen 4:21Gen 31:271Sa 10:51Sa 16:161Sa 16:232Sa 6:51Ki 10:121Ch 13:81Ch 15:161Ch 15:211Ch 15:281Ch 16:51Ch 25:11Ch 25:31Ch 25:62Ch 5:122Ch 9:112Ch 20:28Job 21:12Job 30:31Psa 33:2Psa 43:4Psa 49:4(5)Psa 57:8(9)Psa 71:22Psa 81:2(3)Psa 92:3(4)Psa 137:2Ezk 26:13
Root family
Word studykee-NORnoun

What kinnor means

a lyre: a small handheld stringed instrument, plucked to accompany singing, celebration, and worship

TranslatabilityDirectCertaintyStrong

This is the stringed instrument named more often than any other in the Hebrew Bible. It was a lyre, a small wooden frame strung with several strings and light enough to be carried and played while walking. The Bible traces it back to the very beginning of music: Jubal is called the father of all who play it. Later it is the instrument the young David takes up to soothe King Saul, and the instrument carried in procession when the ark of the covenant is brought to Jerusalem.

Its natural home is joy. The lyre sounds at feasts and farewells, in the celebrations of ordinary life, and above all in the praise of God, where the Psalms repeatedly call worshipers to give thanks and sing to God with it. Prophets and temple singers played it as part of organized worship.

Because the instrument means gladness, its silence means the opposite. When the exiles sit down by the rivers of Babylon they hang their lyres on the willows, unable to sing; Job says his lyre has been turned to mourning; and Isaiah warns that in a ruined city the happy sound of the lyre falls quiet. The word keeps one steady meaning throughout, the physical instrument, whether it is being played in celebration or laid aside in grief.

Gen 4:21Gen 31:271Sa 10:51Sa 16:161Sa 16:232Sa 6:51Ki 10:121Ch 13:81Ch 15:161Ch 15:211Ch 15:281Ch 16:5

What scholars say about kinnor

The lexica agree that kinnor denotes a lyre, a portable stringed instrument, and it is the most frequently mentioned instrument in the Hebrew Bible (HALOT and BDB, s.v. כִּנּוֹר; TWOT #1004). Comparative and archaeological work, notably Joachim Braun's survey of the material and iconographic evidence, identifies it with the small hand-held lyres depicted in the ancient Near East and on later Jewish coinage, distinguishing it from the nebel (H5035), the larger stringed instrument with which it is often paired. The KJV rendering "harp" reflects the instruments familiar to early modern translators rather than the ancient object, and most recent versions render "lyre." The precise number of strings and the exact shape are not fully recoverable, but the identification of the word with a lyre-type instrument is not in serious doubt.

Sources

  • HALOT, s.v. כִּנּוֹרlexicon
  • BDB, s.v. כִּנּוֹרlexicon
  • TWOT, #1004theological-dictionary
  • Joachim Braun, Music in Ancient Israel/Palestine: Archaeological, Written, and Comparative Sources (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2002)monograph

All attested forms of כִּנּוֹר

m s absolute

כִּנּוֹר

Gen 4:21, Gen 31:27, 1Sa 10:5, 1Sa 16:16, 1Sa 16:23, 1Ch 25:3, Job 21:12, Psa 33:2

f p absolute

כִנֹּרוֹת

2Sa 6:5, 1Ki 10:12, 1Ch 13:8, 1Ch 15:16, 1Ch 15:21, 1Ch 15:28, 1Ch 16:5, 1Ch 25:1

m s construct

כִּנּוֹר

Psa 43:4, Psa 81:2

f p construct

כִּנֹּרוֹתֵינוּ

Psa 137:2

m p construct

כִּנּוֹרַיִךְ

Ezk 26:13

m s construct

כִּנֹּרִי

Job 30:31