StrongerBible

kaved

כָּבֵד

HebrewH3515heavy, severe, ...

Appears 41 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Gen 12:10Gen 13:2Gen 41:31Gen 43:1Gen 47:4Gen 47:13Gen 50:9Gen 50:10Gen 50:11Exo 4:10 (2×)Exo 7:14Exo 8:24(20)Exo 9:3Exo 17:12Isa 1:4Ezk 3:5Ezk 3:6
Root family
Word studyka-VADEadjective

What kaved means

heavy: carrying great weight, and by extension anything large, severe, or hard to bear

TranslatabilityPartialCertaintySettled

At its root this word describes literal weight, something with real heft that presses down: a stone, a load, hands too tired to stay raised. From that plain physical starting point the Bible stretches the same image in every direction, and English has to keep changing the word to follow it.

A weight can be a quantity, so a herd or an army or a caravan is called heavy when it is large and imposing. A weight can be a hardship, so a famine, a plague, or a spell of mourning is heavy when it bears down on people with crushing force. A weight can be a duty, so a task or a governing burden or a labor-yoke is heavy when it is more than a person can carry. And a weight can dull a moving part, so a mouth, a tongue, or a heart is heavy when it will not respond, working slowly or not at all.

All of these are one picture seen from different sides. The reader who holds onto the sense of downward pressure will recognize why the same Hebrew word can mean weighty, severe, numerous, burdensome, and sluggish, and why translators reach for a different English word almost every time.

Nuances

1aphysically heavy or dense: having great literal weight or thickness
Gen 13:2Exo 17:12Exo 19:161Sa 4:182Sa 14:26Pro 27:3Isa 32:2
1bsevere, grievous: a calamity or affliction that presses down hard
Gen 12:10Gen 41:31Gen 43:1Gen 47:4Gen 47:13Gen 50:10Gen 50:11Exo 8:24(20)Exo 9:3Exo 9:18Exo 9:24Exo 10:14
1clarge, massive, numerous: a company, army, or crowd great in size
Gen 50:9Exo 12:38Num 20:201Ki 3:91Ki 10:22Ki 6:142Ki 18:172Ch 9:1Isa 36:2
1dburdensome, hard to bear: a task, yoke, or load that is too much for the one carrying it
Exo 18:18Num 11:141Ki 12:41Ki 12:112Ch 10:42Ch 10:11
1edull, unresponsive, impeded: a mouth, tongue, or heart that works slowly or not at all
Exo 4:10 (2×)Exo 7:14Ezk 3:5Ezk 3:6

What scholars say about kaved

The standard lexica (BDB, HALOT, DCH) treat כָּבֵד as a single adjective from the root כבד, with a well understood core notion of physical weight that extends to severity, magnitude, oppressiveness, and dullness. The senses are not homonyms but contextual specializations of one image, as reflected in the entry's subsenses (physical weight, grievous affliction, large numbers, burdensome duty, dulled or impeded faculties). The phrase כְּבַד פֶּה וּכְבַד לָשׁוֹן in Exodus 4:10 is discussed in the commentary and lexical literature as either a speech impediment or a rhetorical protest of inadequacy, and the heart language in the plague narrative (Exodus 7:14) is tied to the wider hardening-of-heart theme.

Sources

  • BDB, s.v. כָּבֵדlexicon
  • HALOT, s.v. כָּבֵדlexicon
  • DCH, s.v. כָּבֵדlexicon
  • C. Dohmen, "kbd," in Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament (TDOT)reference

All attested forms of כָּבֵד

m s absolute

כָּבֵד

Gen 12:10, Gen 13:2, Gen 41:31, Gen 43:1, Gen 47:4, Gen 47:13, Gen 50:9, Gen 50:10

m s construct

כְבַד, כֶּבֶד

Exo 4:10, Exo 4:10, Isa 1:4

m p construct

כִבְדֵי

Ezk 3:5, Ezk 3:6

m p absolute

כְּבֵדִים

Exo 17:12