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yashen

יָשֵׁן

HebrewH3462sleep, old

Appears 20 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Gen 2:21Gen 41:5Lev 13:11Lev 26:10Deu 4:25Jdg 16:14Jdg 16:191Ki 19:5Job 3:13Psa 3:5(6)Psa 4:8(9)Psa 13:3(4)Psa 44:23(24)Psa 121:4Pro 4:16Ecc 5:12(11)Isa 5:27Jer 51:39Jer 51:57Ezk 34:25
Root family
Word studyResearch-gradeyah-SHENverb

What yashen means

1

to sleep: to fall into and rest in full bodily sleep, the deep nightly rest as opposed to light dozing

TranslatabilityApproximateCertaintySettled

This is the ordinary Hebrew word for real, deep sleep, the kind of nightly rest a person sinks into, as distinct from merely drowsing or nodding off. In story after story it comes with its natural bookends: a person lies down, sleeps, and then wakes.

From that plain base the word stretches in several directions. It can picture safe, trusting rest, someone lying down in peace because they are protected. It can serve as a test of watchfulness, since a guard, an army, or even God can be described as sleeping or, more pointedly, as never sleeping. And it becomes a gentle way of naming death, the still rest of the grave.

That last picture has a story of its own across the Bible. Job longs for it as quiet relief; Jeremiah slams it shut over fallen Babylon, calling their end a sleep from which they will never wake; and centuries later the promise is pried open, that many who sleep in the dust will wake again. Because sleep by its nature points toward waking, it became the natural language of hope beyond death, later carried into Greek as "those who have fallen asleep."

The picture of a sleeping God is handled with special care. Israel could dare to cry out and accuse God of sleeping in a lament only because it was certain he never truly sleeps; the same image thrown at a rival god was pure mockery.

Nuances

1aordinary bodily sleep: to be or fall asleep
TranslatabilityDirect
Gen 2:21Gen 41:51Ki 19:5Pro 4:16Ecc 5:12(11)
1bto sleep securely: to lie down and rest in peace under protection
TranslatabilityDirect
Psa 3:5(6)Psa 4:8(9)Ezk 34:25
1cto lull to sleep: to make another person fall asleep
TranslatabilityDirect
Jdg 16:14Jdg 16:19
1dthe sleep of a watcher: sleep pictured as a lapse in watchfulness, either denied of a tireless guardian or charged against one who ought to be awake
Psa 44:23(24)Psa 121:4Isa 5:27
1ethe sleep of death: sleep as an image for lying dead in the grave
Job 3:13Psa 13:3(4)Jer 51:39Jer 51:57
2

to grow old: to become aged or stale through long standing, said of things kept a long time

TranslatabilityApproximateCertaintyStrong

A second, quite different use describes something that has grown old simply by sitting a long time: grain kept past its season, a population long settled in its land, a skin condition that has become chronic. The idea here is not sleep at all but the staleness that comes with long duration.

Most modern reference works now treat this as a separate word that only happens to be spelled like the word for sleep. Nothing about sleeping is in view in these verses; the sense is age and long standing.

Lev 13:11Lev 26:10Deu 4:25

What scholars say about yashen

The standard lexica agree on the core sense "sleep" but divide on whether the verb ישן ("sleep") and the homographic root meaning "old, stored" belong together. BDB derives both from one root of "languor/slackness" (the adjective יָשָׁן glossed "withered, flabby, as if in sleep"), whereas HALOT, Gesenius 18. Auflage, DCH, TDOT/TWAT, and TLOT treat ישן I "sleep" and ישן II "grow old" as two homonymous roots, assigning the Niphals of Deut 4:25, Lev 13:11, and Lev 26:10 to ישן II as denominative from יָשָׁן. The comparative evidence is decisive for the split: Ugaritic distinguishes "sleep" (yšn, with š) from "old" (with the interdental ṯ), a contrast Hebrew lost by the merger of *š and *ṯ into ש, and Arabic wasina ("be drowsy," Qur'an 2:255) carries no sense of "old," which Arabic covers with unrelated roots. James Barr's critique of "root-meaning" etymologizing (The Semantics of Biblical Language, 1961) undermined BDB's derivation, and Guillaume, G. R. Driver, Dahood, Fronzaroli, and Militarev-Kogan (SED I, who suggest the verb is denominal from the noun *šin-at-) support the two-root analysis; Klein's etymological dictionary is the chief modern holdout for one root. On usage, Batto's "The Sleeping God" (Biblica 68, 1987) and McAlpine's monograph Sleep, Divine and Human (JSOTSup 38, 1987) frame the divine-sleep motif as one of sovereignty engaged in four registers (lament, Ps 44; hymn, Ps 78; creed, Ps 121; polemic against Baal, 1 Kgs 18, per Rendsburg, CBQ 50, 1988). Holladay and Lundbom read Jer 51:39, 57 ("a perpetual sleep") as the frozen death-metaphor corresponding to Akkadian šittu dārītu, which Dan 12:2 later inverts into resurrection (Collins, Levenson, Nickelsburg); Johnston's Shades of Sheol (2002) treats the death-as-sleep language as euphemism that does not by itself decide the anthropological debate between Cooper, Wright, and Bacchiocchi.

Where scholars disagree about yashen

Whether ישן is one word ranging from "sleep" to "grow old," or two originally separate words that came to be spelled alike.

  • majorityTwo originally distinct roots, one for "sleep" and one for "old," merged when Hebrew lost a sound distinction still preserved in related languages; the "grow old" uses are a separate word, probably formed from the adjective "old."; HALOT (Koehler-Baumgartner-Stamm), s.v. ישן I and ישן II; Gesenius, Handworterbuch, 18. Auflage (Donner, ed.), s.v. ישן; "yshn to sleep," in Theological Lexicon of the Old Testament (TLOT), Jenni-Westermann
  • minorityOne word radiating from an underlying idea of slackness or languor, so that "old" (withered, limp) and "sleep" are branches of a single root.; BDB (Brown-Driver-Briggs), s.v. ישן, pp. 445-446; Ernst Klein, A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Hebrew Language (1987), s.v. ישן
In-depth research

This is a research paper, so it may be hard to read without scholarly background. It is useful if you want to dig even deeper into this word.

Sources

  • HALOT (Koehler-Baumgartner-Stamm), s.v. ישן I and ישן IIlexicon
  • BDB (Brown-Driver-Briggs), s.v. ישן, pp. 445-446lexicon
  • DCH (Clines, ed.), vol. IV, s.v. ישןlexicon
  • Gesenius, Hebraisches und Aramaisches Handworterbuch, 18. Auflage (Donner, ed.), s.v. ישןlexicon
  • "yashen / shenah," in Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament (TDOT) 6:438-441dictionary
  • "yshn to sleep," in Theological Lexicon of the Old Testament (TLOT), Jenni-Westermanndictionary
  • James Barr, The Semantics of Biblical Language (Oxford University Press, 1961)monograph
  • Bernard F. Batto, "The Sleeping God: An Ancient Near Eastern Motif of Divine Sovereignty," Biblica 68 (1987): 153-177article
  • Thomas H. McAlpine, Sleep, Divine and Human, in the Old Testament, JSOTSup 38 (Sheffield, 1987)monograph
  • Gary A. Rendsburg, "The Mock of Baal in 1 Kings 18:27," CBQ 50 (1988): 414-417article
  • William L. Holladay, Jeremiah 2, Hermeneia (Fortress, 1989)commentary
  • John J. Collins, Daniel, Hermeneia (Fortress, 1993), 391-392commentary
  • Philip S. Johnston, Shades of Sheol: Death and Afterlife in the Old Testament (IVP/Apollos, 2002)monograph

All attested forms of יָשֵׁן

qal consecutive-imperfect 3ms

וַיִּישָׁן, וַיִּישַׁן

Gen 2:21, Gen 41:5, 1Ki 19:5

qal consecutive-perfect 3cp

וְיָשְׁנוּ

Jer 51:39, Jer 51:57, Ezk 34:25

piel consecutive-imperfect 3fs

וַתְּיַשְּׁנֵ

Jdg 16:14, Jdg 16:19

qal imperfect 3ms

יִישָׁן

Psa 121:4, Isa 5:27

niphal consecutive-perfect 2mp

וְנוֹשַׁנְתֶּם

Deu 4:25

niphal participle f s absolute

נוֹשֶׁנֶת

Lev 13:11

niphal participle m s absolute

נוֹשָׁן

Lev 26:10

qal conjunctive-imperfect 1cs

וְאִישָׁן

Psa 4:8

qal consecutive-imperfect 1cs

וָאִישָׁנָ

Psa 3:5

qal imperfect 1cs

אִישַׁן

Psa 13:3

qal imperfect 2ms

תִישַׁן

Psa 44:23

qal imperfect 3mp

יִשְׁנוּ

Pro 4:16

qal infinitive-construct construct

לִישׁוֹן

Ecc 5:12

qal perfect 1cs

יָשַׁנְתִּי

Job 3:13