StrongerBible

ḥarash

חָרָשׁ, חֲרָשִׁים

HebrewH2796craftsman, smith, ...

Appears 37 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Exo 28:11Exo 35:35Exo 38:23Deu 27:151Sa 13:192Sa 5:11 (2×)2Ki 12:11(12)2Ki 22:62Ki 24:142Ki 24:161Ch 4:141Ch 14:1 (2×)1Ch 22:151Ch 29:52Ch 24:12 (2×)2Ch 34:11Ezr 3:7Neh 11:35Isa 40:19Isa 40:20Isa 41:7Isa 44:11Isa 44:12Isa 44:13Isa 45:16Isa 54:16Jer 10:3Jer 10:9Ezk 21:31(36)Hos 13:2Zec 1:20(2:3)
Word studykhah-RAHSHnoun

What ḥarash means

a skilled craftsman: a trained worker who shapes a hard material such as metal, wood, or stone

TranslatabilityPartialCertaintySettled

This word names the skilled maker, the trained expert who shapes durable materials by hand. It almost never means a common laborer; it marks real craftsmanship. What the craftsman works is usually supplied by the words around it: iron or bronze for the smith, timber for the carpenter, stone or gemstone for the mason and the seal engraver. When the word stands alone it simply means the artisan.

Because the material is filled in by context, English Bibles reach for many different trade words to render this one Hebrew word: smith, carpenter, mason, engraver, artificer, or plainly craftsman. That is why the same word can be a smith in one verse and a carpenter in the next.

The prophets turn the word into a sharp argument against idols. If a workman made the image, then the image is no god (Hosea 8:6). Isaiah and Jeremiah dwell on the craftsman's tools, sweat, and skill precisely to expose how absurd it is to worship something a person manufactured.

Skilled tradesmen were valued and strategic. When Babylon carried off Judah's craftsmen alongside its soldiers and officials, it was stripping the nation of its power to forge weapons and rebuild (2 Kings 24). Once the word even stretches to name agents who are expert at destroying (Ezekiel 21:31).

Nuances

1aa metalworker or smith: a worker in iron, bronze, gold, or silver
1Sa 13:192Ch 24:12 (2×)Isa 40:19Isa 44:12Isa 54:16Hos 8:6Hos 13:2
1ba woodworker or carpenter: a worker in timber
2Sa 5:11 (2×)2Ki 12:11(12)1Ch 14:1 (2×)1Ch 22:15Isa 40:20Isa 44:13Jer 10:3
1ca stoneworker or engraver: a worker in stone, including the cutting of gems and seals
Exo 28:112Sa 5:11 (2×)1Ch 14:1 (2×)1Ch 22:15
1da craftsman generally, or the artisan class as a whole, where no material is specified
Exo 35:35Exo 38:23Deu 27:152Ki 22:62Ki 24:142Ki 24:16Isa 41:7Isa 44:11Isa 45:16Jer 10:9Jer 24:1Jer 29:2
1efiguratively, an expert agent: one skilled at carrying out a task
Ezk 21:31(36)

What scholars say about ḥarash

The standard lexica treat חָרָשׁ as a single agent noun for a skilled worker in a hard material, from the root ḥrš meaning to cut in, engrave, or plow. BDB and HALOT organize its range by the material worked (metal, wood, stone), with the object either specified in a bound phrase (חָרַשׁ בַּרְזֶל, worker in iron; חָרַשׁ עֵצִים, worker in wood; חָרַשׁ אֶבֶן, worker in stone) or left unspecified for the artisan in general. The term is prominent in the prophetic polemic against idols (Isaiah 40-44; Jeremiah 10; Hosea 8 and 13), where the manufacture of the image by a craftsman is the point of the argument. The construct phrase חָרָשֵׁי מַשְׁחִית in Ezekiel 21:31 is a figurative extension, artificers of destruction.

Sources

  • BDB, s.v. חָרָשׁlexicon
  • HALOT, s.v. חָרָשׁlexicon
  • TWOT, s.v. ḥāraš (חרשׁ)dictionary

All attested forms of חָרָשׁ, חֲרָשִׁים

m s absolute

חָרָשׁ

Exo 35:35, Exo 38:23, Deu 27:15, 1Sa 13:19, 2Ki 24:14, 2Ki 24:16, Isa 40:19, Isa 40:20

m p absolute

חָרָשִׁים, חֲרָשִׁים

2Ki 22:6, 1Ch 29:5, 2Ch 24:12, 2Ch 34:11, Ezr 3:7, Isa 44:11, Hos 13:2, Zec 1:20

m p construct

חָרָשֵׁי

2Sa 5:11, 2Sa 5:11, 2Ki 12:11, 1Ch 14:1, 1Ch 14:1, 1Ch 22:15, 2Ch 24:12, Isa 45:16

m s construct

חָרַשׁ

Exo 28:11, Isa 44:12, Isa 44:13