StrongerBible

demut

דְּמוּת

HebrewH1823likeness, similitude, ...

Appears 25 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Gen 1:26Gen 5:1Gen 5:32Ki 16:102Ch 4:3Psa 58:4(5)Isa 13:4Isa 40:18Ezk 1:5 (2×)Ezk 1:10Ezk 1:13Ezk 1:16Ezk 1:22Ezk 1:26 (3×)Ezk 1:28Ezk 8:2Ezk 10:10
Root family
Word studyResearch-gradedeh-MOOTnoun

What demut means

a likeness: a copy or resemblance that points back to the original it is patterned on

TranslatabilityPartialCertaintyStrong

At its core this word names a likeness, a thing that resembles something else and refers the eye back to it. The same root gives the verb meaning "to be like" or "to compare", and the noun keeps that pull toward an original throughout its range:

  • a model copied from a real altar
  • a cast figure shaped like an ox
  • an army that sounds like a great crowd
  • a vision that looks like a human form

In every case one thing is being measured against another and found to be similar.

The word stretches across very different settings because the kind of likeness shifts with what is being compared.

  • It can be a concrete object, a sketch or replica or carved figure
  • It can be a plain comparison, the everyday "like" that says one thing resembles another
  • it can carry great theological weight, naming the resemblance between God and the human beings he made

Its most distinctive work is hedging. Because a likeness is a copy and not the thing itself, the word is perfect for describing what cannot be pinned down. In the visions of Ezekiel, where the prophet is straining to report what he saw of God, this word piles up again and again: not the throne but the likeness of a throne, not the glory of God but the appearance of the likeness of the glory of God. Here the word does not claim to capture the reality. It deliberately keeps its distance, saying only that what was seen looked something like this.

Nuances

1athe resemblance between God and the human beings he made
Gen 1:26Gen 5:1Gen 5:3
1ba likeness reported from a vision: what the seer saw looked something like this, without claiming to be the thing itself
Ezk 1:5 (2×)Ezk 1:10Ezk 1:13Ezk 1:16Ezk 1:22Ezk 1:26 (3×)Ezk 1:28Ezk 8:2Ezk 10:1Ezk 10:10Ezk 10:21Ezk 10:22
1ca physical model, replica, or carved figure copied from a real thing
2Ki 16:102Ch 4:3Ezk 23:15
1da plain comparison: one thing resembling another, the everyday "like"
Psa 58:4(5)Isa 13:4
1ea likeness one might fashion of God, raised only to deny it is possible
Isa 40:18

What scholars say about demut

The standard lexica (BDB, HALOT, the Dictionary of Classical Hebrew, Gesenius) and Preuss's TDOT article agree on a wide range for this abstract noun from the root meaning "to be like": likeness, similitude, shape, form, figure, pattern, model. The defining scholarly question is its relationship to its partner word "image" in Genesis 1:26. James Barr's 1968 study is widely treated as decisive in dismantling the old patristic distinction between image and likeness: both words can name concrete statues and abstract resemblances, Genesis 1:27 uses only "image" while Genesis 5:1 uses only "likeness," and Genesis 5:3 reverses both the nouns and their prepositions, all signs that the terms are mutually interpreting near synonyms. The Tell Fekheriyeh bilingual statue (9th century BCE), where Aramaic for this word and for "image" both name the same monument, is the key external evidence. The major commentators (Westermann, Wenham, Hamilton, Waltke, Middleton, McDowell) follow Barr, often with von Rad's nuance that "likeness" softens the more concrete "image." The respected minority position, anchored by W. Randall Garr and developed by Gentry and Crouch, argues the two terms carry complementary emphases (filial and comparative for this word, representational and royal for "image") without being technically distinct. A separate body of work (Zimmerli, Block, Greenberg, Odell, Kutsko) traces the word's heavy use in Ezekiel, where it hedges the description of the divine vision, marking the limits of what can be said about God rather than asserting a likeness.

Where scholars disagree about demut

Whether this word ("likeness") and its partner word "image" in Genesis 1:26 carry distinct meanings, or are near synonyms that interpret each other.

  • majorityThe two words are mutually interpreting near synonyms with no fixed technical difference; the long tradition splitting them into "image" (a permanent endowment) and "likeness" (a moral perfection lost in the fall) cannot be sustained from the Hebrew. Genesis 5:1 uses only "likeness" and 1:27 only "image" for the same act, and 5:3 freely reverses both nouns and prepositions.; James Barr, "The Image of God in the Book of Genesis," Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 51.1 (1968): 11-26; C. Westermann, Genesis 1-11 (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1984), 142-61; H. D. Preuss, TDOT 3:257-60
  • minorityThe two terms have complementary emphases even if they overlap: this word leans toward a comparative, filial resemblance (a son resembling a father), while "image" leans toward representational and royal function. The distinction is rhetorical rather than a fixed technical one.; W. R. Garr, In His Own Image and Likeness (Leiden: Brill, 2003); P. J. Gentry, "Humanity as the Divine Image in Genesis 1:26-28," Eikon 2.1 (2020): 55-82
In-depth research

This is a research paper, so it may be hard to read without scholarly background. It is useful if you want to dig even deeper into this word.

Sources

  • HALOT, s.v. דְּמוּת, 1:225-26lexicon
  • BDB, s.v. דְּמוּת, 198lexicon
  • Dictionary of Classical Hebrew, ed. D. J. A. Clines, 2:450-51lexicon
  • H. D. Preuss, "דָּמָה / דְּמוּת," in TDOT 3:250-60theological-dictionary
  • B. K. Waltke, "דמה I," in NIDOTTE 1:967-71theological-dictionary
  • James Barr, "The Image of God in the Book of Genesis: A Study of Terminology," Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 51.1 (1968): 11-26article
  • W. R. Garr, In His Own Image and Likeness: Humanity, Divinity, and Monotheism (Leiden: Brill, 2003)monograph
  • W. R. Garr, "'Image' and 'Likeness' in the Inscription from Tell Fakhariyeh," Israel Exploration Journal 50.3-4 (2000): 227-34article
  • C. Westermann, Genesis 1-11: A Continental Commentary, trans. J. J. Scullion (Minneapolis: Augsburg/Fortress, 1984), 142-61commentary
  • G. J. Wenham, Genesis 1-15, Word Biblical Commentary 1 (Waco: Word, 1987), 29-32commentary
  • G. von Rad, Genesis: A Commentary, Old Testament Library, rev. ed., trans. J. H. Marks (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1972), 57-60commentary
  • P. J. Gentry, "Humanity as the Divine Image in Genesis 1:26-28," Eikon 2.1 (2020): 55-82article
  • W. Zimmerli, Ezekiel 1, Hermeneia, trans. R. E. Clements (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1979), 85-141commentary
  • D. I. Block, The Book of Ezekiel, Chapters 1-24, NICOT (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1997), 96-109commentary
  • J. F. Kutsko, Between Heaven and Earth: Divine Presence and Absence in the Book of Ezekiel (Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2000), 54-70monograph
  • A. R. Millard, in The Context of Scripture, ed. W. W. Hallo (Leiden: Brill, 2000), 2:153-54monograph

All attested forms of דְּמוּת

f s construct

דְּמוּת

Gen 5:1, 2Ki 16:10, 2Ch 4:3, Psa 58:4, Isa 13:4, Ezk 1:5, Ezk 1:5, Ezk 1:10

f s absolute

דְּמוּת

Isa 40:18, Ezk 1:16, Ezk 1:22, Ezk 1:26, Ezk 8:2, Ezk 10:10

f s construct

דְמוּתֵנוּ

Gen 1:26

f s construct

דְמוּתוֹ

Gen 5:3