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givah

גִּבְעָה

HebrewH1389hill

Appears 68 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Gen 49:26Exo 17:9Exo 17:10Num 23:9Deu 12:2Deu 33:15Jos 5:3Jdg 7:11Sa 7:11Sa 23:191Sa 26:11Sa 26:32Sa 2:242Sa 2:252Sa 6:32Sa 6:41Ki 14:232Ki 16:42Ki 17:102Ch 28:4Job 15:7Psa 65:12(13)Psa 72:3Psa 114:4Psa 114:6Psa 148:9Pro 8:25Sng 2:8Sng 4:6Isa 10:32Isa 30:17Isa 30:25Isa 31:4Isa 40:4Jer 2:20Jer 31:39Ezk 34:26Ezk 35:8Hab 3:6
Word studygiv-AHnoun

What givah means

a hill: a rounded natural rise in the land, lower and gentler than a mountain

TranslatabilityDirectCertaintySettled

A hill is a rise in the ground, smaller and softer than a mountain. Hebrew almost always names it next to its larger partner, the mountain, so that the pair together sweep in the whole shape of the country: the high peaks and the low hills, everything in between understood.

The same plain word does three jobs. Most often it is simply scenery: the rise Moses climbs to watch a battle, the hills that skip like lambs and break into singing in the Psalms, the hills that will be leveled flat or will flow with plenty in the visions of the Prophets.

Because a hilltop was the obvious spot to raise an altar, the word also became the standard shorthand for open-air shrines. The Prophets return again and again to the phrase "on every high hill," and there it is never a scenic note but a charge of unfaithful worship. And because a hill is a natural landmark, the word often opens the name of a particular place, the hill of a named person or event.

Nuances

1a
Num 23:9Job 15:7Psa 65:12(13)Psa 72:3Psa 114:4Psa 114:6Psa 148:9Pro 8:25Sng 2:8Sng 4:6Isa 2:2Isa 2:14
1ba hilltop used as a place of worship, in the Prophets almost always the open-air shrines of forbidden worship
Deu 12:21Ki 14:232Ki 16:42Ki 17:102Ch 28:4Isa 65:7Jer 2:20Jer 3:23Jer 13:27Jer 17:2Ezk 6:3Ezk 6:13
1cthe word "hill" as the opening element of a place name, the hill of a named person or spot
Jos 5:3Jdg 7:11Sa 23:191Sa 26:11Sa 26:32Sa 2:24Isa 10:32Jer 31:39

What scholars say about givah

The standard lexica are unanimous that גִּבְעָה denotes a hill, a rounded elevation distinguished from and frequently paired with הַר, the mountain (BDB; HALOT; DCH). Two contextual uses are widely noted. In the Deuteronomistic and prophetic literature the plural in the fixed formula "on every high hill and under every green tree" designates the elevated open-air cult sites polemicized against, closely associated with the בָּמָה (Deuteronomy 12:2; 1 Kings 14:23; 2 Kings 16:4; 17:10; Jeremiah 2:20; 3:23; Hosea 4:13; Ezekiel 6:13; 20:28). The construct singular functions as the generic element of numerous toponyms (Gibeath-haaraloth, Joshua 5:3; the hill of Moreh, Judges 7:1; the hill of Hachilah, 1 Samuel 23:19; 26:1, 3; the hill Gareb, Jeremiah 31:39), which the lexica keep under the common noun rather than treating as a separate homonym. None of the standard references records a competing sense; the referent is not in doubt.

Sources

  • BDB, s.v. גִּבְעָהlexicon
  • HALOT, s.v. גִּבְעָהlexicon
  • DCH, s.v. גִּבְעָהlexicon

All attested forms of גִּבְעָה

f p absolute

גְּבָעוֹת

Num 23:9, Deu 12:2, 2Ki 16:4, 2Ch 28:4, Job 15:7, Psa 65:12, Psa 72:3, Psa 114:4

f s absolute

גִּבְעָה

Exo 17:9, Exo 17:10, 1Sa 7:1, 2Sa 2:25, 2Sa 6:3, 2Sa 6:4, 1Ki 14:23, 2Ki 17:10

f s construct

גִּבְעַת

Jos 5:3, Jdg 7:1, 1Sa 23:19, 1Sa 26:1, 1Sa 26:3, 2Sa 2:24, Sng 4:6, Isa 10:32

f p construct

גִּבְעוֹת, גִּבְעֹת

Deu 33:15, Hab 3:6, Gen 49:26

f p construct

גִּבְעוֹתֶיךָ

Ezk 35:8

f s construct

גִּבְעָתִי

Ezk 34:26

f s construct

גִּבְעָתָהּ

Isa 31:4