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behemot

בְּהֵמוֹת

HebrewH0930Behemoth

Appears 1 time · tap a cell to see the verses

Job 40:15
Root family
Word studyResearch-gradebe-he-MOTHnoun

What behemot means

Behemoth: the immense land beast God parades before Job as a creature only its Maker can master

TranslatabilityUntranslatableCertaintyContested

Behemoth appears once in the whole Bible, in Job 40:15, where God points Job to a huge plant-eating animal that lies in the marsh among the reeds and lotus, whose bones are like bronze and whose strength no one but its Maker can touch. It is paired immediately afterward with Leviathan, the great water creature of Job 41. Together the two are God's closing exhibit in the speech that silences Job: if Job cannot stand before these creatures, how can he stand before the One who made them.

The form of the word is the ordinary Hebrew plural of "beast," but here every verb and pronoun attached to it is singular, so it names one single animal. Hebrew sometimes uses a plural shape this way to magnify a single thing, the way "God" takes a plural form for the one true God. So Behemoth reads as something like "the beast above all beasts," the supreme example of a land animal.

Readers have long argued over what this beast actually is. The physical details, the marsh, the reeds, the river, the diet of grass, point many scholars to the hippopotamus of the Nile. Others hear in it an echo of the ancient stories of a primal chaos creature that God alone can subdue, especially because it is paired with Leviathan, who has clear roots in older Near Eastern dragon myths. A growing number of scholars hold that the poem deliberately keeps both at once: a real, recognizable animal described in a way that also evokes the untamable powers at the edge of creation. What the text itself insists on is plain enough for any reader: Behemoth is overwhelming, and God made it and rules it.

Job 40:15

What scholars say about behemot

The standard lexica treat Job 40:15 as an intensive or magnifying plural of the ordinary Hebrew word for beast, naming one supreme creature rather than a herd (HALOT; DCH lemmatizes it as a separate entry, "Behemoth, a (mythological) beast"; the singular verbs and pronouns of Job 40:15 confirm the single referent, as the grammars note). The once-popular derivation from an Egyptian phrase meaning "water ox" is now decisively rejected as a modern invention; the word is simply native Northwest Semitic. The identity of the creature is genuinely contested: a strong line of commentators reads a real hippopotamus from the marsh, reed, river, and grass details (Bochart; Dhorme; Gordis; Hartley; Clines; Fox), another reads a primordial chaos creature in the Near Eastern conflict tradition, paired with Leviathan (Gunkel; Pope; Day; Levenson; Longman), and an increasingly influential third group reads a deliberately polyvalent figure in which a recognizable animal also embodies cosmic chaos through ancient iconography (Keel; Habel; Balentine; Newsom). The dinosaur reading is confined to young-earth creationist literature and is absent from critical commentary. In later Jewish tradition Behemoth and Leviathan became a fixed pair reserved as food for the righteous at the end of days (1 Enoch; 4 Ezra; 2 Baruch; b. Bava Batra 74b-75a).

Where scholars disagree about behemot

What kind of creature Behemoth in Job 40:15 is: a real animal (most often the Nile hippopotamus), a primordial chaos creature drawn from ancient Near Eastern conflict mythology, or a deliberately polyvalent figure that is at once a recognizable animal and an embodiment of cosmic chaos.

  • contestedA real, hunted animal of the Nile marshes, most commonly identified as the hippopotamus, described in heightened poetic register (the marsh, reeds, river, and grass diet are decisive).; David J. A. Clines, Job 38-42, WBC 18B (2011), ad loc.; John E. Hartley, The Book of Job, NICOT (1988), 521-26; Michael V. Fox, "Behemoth and Leviathan," Biblica 93 (2012): 261-67
  • contestedA primordial chaos creature inherited from Canaanite-Mesopotamian conflict mythology and paired with Leviathan, exhibited (not destroyed) to display God's mastery over chaos.; Marvin H. Pope, Job, Anchor Bible 15, 3rd ed. (1973), 320-22; John Day, God's Conflict with the Dragon and the Sea (1985), 75-87; Jon D. Levenson, Creation and the Persistence of Evil (1988)
  • contestedA deliberately polyvalent figure: a naturalistic animal (the hippopotamus, iconographically the embodiment of chaos in Egyptian religion) described so as to evoke the cosmic and the mythic at once, resisting any single identification.; Othmar Keel, Jahwes Entgegnung an Ijob, FRLANT 121 (1978); Carol A. Newsom, The Book of Job: A Contest of Moral Imaginations (2003); Norman C. Habel, The Book of Job, OTL (1985), 559
In-depth research

This is a research paper, so it may be hard to read without scholarly background. It is useful if you want to dig even deeper into this word.

Sources

  • HALOT, s.v. בְּהֵמָה / בְּהֵמוֹת (I.111-112)lexicon
  • DCH II.102-104, s.v. בְּהֵמוֹת IIlexicon
  • BDB, p. 96, s.v. בְּהֵמָהlexicon
  • G. J. Botterweck, "בְּהֵמָה," TDOT II.6-20theological-dictionary
  • David J. A. Clines, Job 38-42, WBC 18B (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2011)commentary
  • John E. Hartley, The Book of Job, NICOT (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1988), 521-26commentary
  • Marvin H. Pope, Job, Anchor Bible 15, 3rd ed. (Garden City: Doubleday, 1973), 320-22commentary
  • John Day, God's Conflict with the Dragon and the Sea (Cambridge: CUP, 1985), 75-87monograph
  • Carol A. Newsom, The Book of Job: A Contest of Moral Imaginations (Oxford: OUP, 2003)monograph
  • Othmar Keel, Jahwes Entgegnung an Ijob, FRLANT 121 (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1978)monograph
  • Michael V. Fox, "Behemoth and Leviathan," Biblica 93 (2012): 261-67article
  • K. William Whitney, Two Strange Beasts, HSM 63 (Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2006)monograph

All attested forms of בְּהֵמוֹת

f p absolute

בְהֵמוֹת

Job 40:15