StrongerBible

addir

אַדִּיר

HebrewH0117majestic, mighty, ...

Appears 27 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Exo 15:10Jdg 5:13Jdg 5:251Sa 4:82Ch 23:20Neh 3:5Neh 10:29(30)Psa 8:1(2)Psa 8:9(10)Psa 16:3Psa 76:4(5)Psa 93:4 (2×)Psa 136:18Isa 10:34Isa 33:21 (2×)Jer 14:3Jer 25:34Jer 25:35Jer 25:36Jer 30:21Ezk 17:23Ezk 32:18Nam 2:5(6)Nam 3:18Zec 11:2
Root family
Word studyResearch-gradeah-DEERadjective

What addir means

possessing overwhelming, awe-commanding power; mighty and majestic enough to master every rival

TranslatabilityPartialCertaintyStrong

This word points to power so great that it compels awe, not to beauty or mere size. Whatever it describes is overwhelming: the sea that drowns sailors, the towering cedar whose fall shakes a nation, the king no one can resist, and above all the God whose raised hand shattered Pharaoh's army. The note is force, not decoration.

Because it is a word of overpowering strength, it almost always sets one power over against others. When the poet calls the raging waters mighty and then calls God mightier still on high (Psalm 93:4), the whole point is that God overmasters even the strongest rival. Israel's poets used it to crown the LORD as the incomparable king and warrior, taking up the very title that neighboring peoples gave their own gods and claiming it for the LORD alone.

From this same idea the word also names people who hold overwhelming rank: chieftains, nobles, and magnates. In the later books it hardened into an almost official label for the aristocracy, such as the nobles of Tekoa who would not stoop to the wall work in Nehemiah's day. The connection is direct: a mighty one is simply a person who embodies the same commanding power the word describes everywhere else.

Nuances

1amighty, majestic: describing something or someone whose power overwhelms, from raging seas and towering cedars to God enthroned above them all
Exo 15:10Jdg 5:251Sa 4:8Psa 8:1(2)Psa 8:9(10)Psa 76:4(5)Psa 93:4 (2×)Psa 136:18Isa 33:21 (2×)Ezk 17:23Ezk 32:18Zec 11:2
1ba mighty one, or the nobles: a person or class of persons of commanding rank and power, such as chieftains, magnates, and rulers
Jdg 5:132Ch 23:20Neh 3:5Neh 10:29(30)Isa 10:34Jer 14:3Jer 25:34Jer 25:35Jer 25:36Jer 30:21Nam 2:5(6)Nam 3:18

What scholars say about addir

The adjective belongs to the root אדר and follows a common Northwest Semitic pattern for "mighty, powerful, majestic, noble." A tight cognate dossier fixes the sense within West Semitic: Ugaritic ʾadr "mighty" in the Aqhat and Baal texts (notably the "mighty ones in Lebanon" cedars of KTU 1.17), Phoenician and Punic ʾdr with the substantivized ʾdrm "magnates" and the divine epithet Baʿal-ʾaddîr, and the theophoric ʾAddîr-melek now recognized behind the name Adrammelech. The older comparison with Akkadian adāru "to fear, be eclipsed" is generally set aside (HALOT, DULAT, Gesenius18), leaving no certain Akkadian or South Semitic cognate of equivalent meaning; a recent study (Hazan and Hitin-Mashiah, JNSL 49, 2023) argues instead for two etymons within Biblical Hebrew. The semantic center is overwhelming, awe-compelling power, and the word characteristically functions as a subordinating, incomparability predicate in the Divine Warrior and enthronement genres (Exodus 15, Judges 5, Psalms 8, 76, 93; cf. Cross, Miller, Ahlström). In later prose it narrows to the technical social class "nobles, magnates" (Nehemiah, Chronicles, Jeremiah), a feature that Hurvitz and Joosten count among the markers of Late Biblical Hebrew. The Septuagint renders it θαυμαστός in the Psalter, μέγας for non-divine referents, and folds the related verb forms into the δόξα vocabulary. Psalm 16:3 is the single most contested occurrence, dividing along the same fault line as the etymology debate.

In-depth research

This is a research paper, so it may be hard to read without scholarly background. It is useful if you want to dig even deeper into this word.

Sources

  • BDB (Brown-Driver-Briggs), A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the OT, s.v. אדר, 12-13lexicon
  • HALOT (Koehler-Baumgartner-Stamm), s.v. אַדִּירlexicon
  • DCH (Clines, ed.), Dictionary of Classical Hebrew, vol. I, s.v. אַדִּירlexicon
  • Gesenius, Hebräisches und Aramäisches Handwörterbuch, 18th ed., s.v. אַדִּירlexicon
  • G. W. Ahlström, 'אַדִּיר,' Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, vol. I (Eerdmans, 1974), 73ff.theological-dictionary
  • NIDOTTE (VanGemeren, ed.), vol. 1, s.v. אדרtheological-dictionary
  • Frank Moore Cross, Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic (Harvard, 1973)monograph
  • Patrick D. Miller, The Divine Warrior in Early Israel (HSM 5, Harvard, 1973)monograph
  • Joaquín Sanmartín, 'Zu ug. ʾadr in KTU 1.17 VI 20-23,' Ugarit-Forschungen 9 (1977): 263-271article
  • Del Olmo Lete and Sanmartín, A Dictionary of the Ugaritic Language (DULAT), 3rd ed. (Brill, 2015), 20-21lexicon
  • C. R. Krahmalkov, Phoenician-Punic Dictionary (OLA 90, Peeters, 2000)lexicon
  • Mitchell Dahood, Psalms I (Anchor Bible 16, 1966)commentary
  • William H. C. Propp, Exodus 1-18 (Anchor Bible 2, 1999)commentary

All attested forms of אַדִּיר

m p absolute

אַדִּירִים, אַדִּרִים, אַדִּרִם

Exo 15:10, Jdg 5:13, Jdg 5:25, 1Sa 4:8, 2Ch 23:20, Psa 93:4, Psa 136:18, Zec 11:2

m s absolute

אַדִּיר

Psa 8:1, Psa 8:9, Psa 76:4, Psa 93:4, Isa 10:34, Isa 33:21, Isa 33:21, Ezk 17:23

m p construct

אַדִּירֵי

Psa 16:3, Jer 25:34, Jer 25:35, Jer 25:36

m p construct

אַדִּירֵיהֶם, אַדִּרֵיהֶם

Neh 3:5, Neh 10:29, Jer 14:3

m p construct

אַדִּירֶיךָ

Nam 3:18

m p construct

אַדִּירָיו

Nam 2:5

m s construct

אַדִּירוֹ

Jer 30:21