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mēdeis

μηδείς

GreekG3367no one, nobody, ...

Appears 92 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Mat 8:4Mat 9:30Mat 16:20Mat 17:9Mat 27:19Mrk 1:44 (2×)Mrk 5:26Mrk 5:43Mrk 6:8Mrk 7:36Mrk 8:30Mrk 9:9Mrk 11:14Luk 3:13Luk 3:14Luk 4:35Luk 5:14Luk 6:35Luk 8:56Luk 9:3Luk 9:21Luk 10:4Jhn 8:10Act 4:17Act 4:21Act 8:24Act 9:7Act 10:20Act 10:28Act 11:12Act 11:19Act 13:28Act 15:28Act 16:28Act 19:40Act 23:14Act 24:23Act 25:17Act 27:33Act 28:181Co 1:71Co 3:181Co 3:211Co 10:242Co 6:32Co 7:92Co 13:7Gal 6:3Gal 6:17Eph 5:6
Compound of
Word studymay-DACEadjective

What mēdeis means

no one, nothing, none: a complete negative that leaves out every person or thing without exception

TranslatabilityDirectCertaintySettled

This is one of Greek's words for a flat, total "no." A single word does the work of several in English: "no one" when people are in view, "nothing" when things are, "no" or "not any" when it stands in front of a noun, and "not at all" when it colors a verb. The English wording shifts with what is being ruled out, but the idea underneath is always the same sweeping exclusion.

The one thing English cannot show is why this particular form was chosen. Greek has two words that both mean "no one, nothing." This one turns up wherever the sentence is a command, a request, a warning, a wish, an if-statement, or is built around a verb form like "to take" or "taking." Its twin turns up in plain statements of fact. So "tell no one," "take nothing for the road," and "be anxious about nothing" all use this word because each is a command or an instruction rather than a report.

Because the difference between the two Greek words is a matter of sentence type and not of meaning, a reader loses nothing about the sense itself. This is not a stronger or more emphatic "no" than the other form; it is simply the shape the negative takes when the grammar of the sentence calls for it.

Nuances

1ano one, nobody: the negative applied to persons
Mat 8:4Mat 16:20Mat 17:9Mrk 5:43Mrk 7:36Luk 3:14Act 9:7Rom 13:81Co 3:181Co 10:24Tit 2:151Jn 3:7
1bnothing: the negative applied to things
Mrk 1:44 (2×)Mrk 5:26Mrk 6:8Luk 3:13Luk 6:35Luk 9:3Act 4:21Act 15:28Act 23:14Act 27:332Co 6:10Gal 6:3
1cno, not any: the negative used before a noun to rule it out
Act 10:28Act 13:28Act 19:40Act 25:17Act 28:181Co 1:72Co 6:31Ti 5:14Heb 10:21Pe 3:6
1din no way, not at all: the negative coloring a verb rather than naming a person or thing
Luk 4:35Act 10:20Act 11:121Co 10:251Co 10:272Co 7:92Co 11:5Php 1:28Php 4:62Th 3:11Jas 1:6Rev 2:10

What scholars say about mēdeis

μηδείς is the negative indefinite pronoun and adjective corresponding to οὐδείς, differing only in the underlying negative particle: μηδείς is formed on μή, οὐδείς on οὐ. It follows the standard distribution of the two Greek negatives, occurring where μή is required (with imperatives and prohibitions, in wishes, in conditional and deliberative clauses, in purpose and result constructions, and especially with infinitives and participles), while οὐδείς stands in independent declarative statements. Semantically the two are identical. BDAG and LSJ treat μηδείς across the same range as οὐδείς: substantival masculine "no one," neuter "nothing," the adjectival "no, not any," and the adverbial accusative μηδέν "in no respect, not at all." The Koine also shows the byform μηθείς / μηθέν (e.g. Acts 27:33), a spelling with the same sense.

Sources

  • BDAG, s.v. μηδείςlexicon
  • LSJ, s.v. μηδείςlexicon
  • F. Blass, A. Debrunner, R. W. Funk, A Greek Grammar of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, §§426-433 (on μή / οὐ and the compound negatives)grammar
  • H. W. Smyth, Greek Grammar, §§2688-2698 (the negatives μή and οὐ)grammar

All attested forms of μηδείς

accusative n s

μηδὲν, μηδέν, μηθὲν

Mrk 1:44, Mrk 5:26, Mrk 6:8, Luk 3:13, Luk 4:35, Luk 6:35, Luk 9:3, Act 4:21

dative m s

μηδενὶ

Mat 8:4, Mat 16:20, Mat 17:9, Mrk 1:44, Mrk 7:36, Mrk 8:30, Mrk 9:9, Luk 5:14

nominative m s

μηδεὶς, Μηδεὶς, μηδείς

Mat 9:30, Mrk 5:43, Mrk 11:14, 1Co 3:21, 1Co 10:24, Gal 6:17, Col 2:4, Col 2:18

accusative m s

μηδένα

Luk 3:14, Luk 10:4, Jhn 8:10, Act 9:7, Act 10:28, Act 24:23, 1Th 3:3, 2Th 2:3

accusative f s

μηδεμίαν

Act 13:28, Act 25:17, Act 28:18, 2Co 6:3, 1Ti 5:14, Heb 10:2, 1Pe 3:6

dative n s

μηδενὶ

1Co 1:7, 2Co 7:9, Php 1:28, Jas 1:4

nominative n s

μηδὲν

Mat 27:19, Act 8:24, Gal 6:3, Tit 3:13

genitive n s

μηδενὸς

Act 19:40, Act 23:14, 1Th 4:12