StrongerBible

echthros

ἐχθρός

GreekG2190enemy, foe

Appears 32 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Mat 5:43Mat 5:44Mat 10:36Mat 13:25Mat 13:28Mat 13:39Mat 22:44Mrk 12:36Luk 1:71Luk 1:74Luk 6:27Luk 6:35Luk 10:19Luk 19:27Luk 19:43Luk 20:43Act 2:35Act 13:10Rom 5:10Rom 11:28Rom 12:201Co 15:251Co 15:26Gal 4:16Php 3:18Col 1:212Th 3:15Heb 1:13Heb 10:13Jas 4:4Rev 11:5Rev 11:12
Root family
Word studyekh-THROSadjective

What echthros means

an enemy: someone or something set in hostility against another

TranslatabilityDirectCertaintySettled

At its core this word names an enemy, the person (or power) who stands against you rather than with you. It began as an adjective meaning hostile or hated and settled into a noun for the hostile one, the adversary. The New Testament stretches it across every level of opposition, from the neighbor who wishes you harm to the cosmic forces arrayed against God.

Most often it is an ordinary human enemy: the person you are commanded to love, the household member turned against you, the armies that surround a city. In this everyday use the word carries no special weight, only the plain fact of hostility.

A second circle of uses aims the word at God. People can be enemies of God, of the cross, of righteousness, alienated and opposed until they are reconciled. The Psalm that promises a king his enemies as a footstool (Psalm 110:1) is quoted again and again to describe every power that resists God's rule being finally subdued.

At its sharpest the word becomes almost a title. The enemy who sows weeds among the wheat is the devil himself, and Jesus speaks of the power of the enemy set against his followers. Paul even personifies death as the last enemy, the final hostile power to be destroyed. So one small word runs from the quarrel next door to the last thing that must fall before God's victory is complete.

Nuances

1aa personal or human enemy: someone hostile to you, or a people hostile to yours
Mat 5:43Mat 5:44Mat 10:36Luk 1:71Luk 1:74Luk 6:27Luk 6:35Luk 19:43Rom 12:20Gal 4:162Th 3:15Rev 11:5
1bone hostile to God: an enemy of God, of the cross, or of his righteousness and rule
Mat 22:44Mrk 12:36Luk 19:27Luk 20:43Act 2:35Act 13:10Rom 5:10Rom 11:281Co 15:25Php 3:18Col 1:21Heb 1:13
1cthe enemy: a designation for the devil
Mat 13:25Mat 13:28Mat 13:39Luk 10:19
1dthe last enemy: death personified as the final hostile power
1Co 15:26

What scholars say about echthros

The lexica agree on the core sense: ἐχθρός is the adjective hostile / hated, used overwhelmingly as a substantive for the enemy (BDAG; TDNT 2.811-816, Foerster). BDAG distinguishes a passive sense hated (its primary entry, resting mainly on Rom 11:28) from the far commoner active sense hostile, enemy; Louw-Nida place it in the enemy domain (39.11). The New Testament usage clusters into recognizable groups that Foerster traces: the personal enemy of the love-your-enemies sayings, the enemies of God and of the cross, the Psalm 110:1 enemies made a footstool (the most-cited Old Testament text in the New), the enemy as a designation for the devil (Matt 13:39; Luke 10:19), and the striking personification of death as the last enemy (1 Cor 15:26). On Romans 11:28 commentators divide over whether ἐχθροί is active (Israel hostile to the gospel) or passive (Israel presently under God's enmity for the gentiles' sake, balancing the passive ἀγαπητοί beloved later in the verse); Cranfield and Moo favor the passive reading, and BDAG classifies the verse there.

Sources

  • BDAG, s.v. ἐχθρόςlexicon
  • W. Foerster, "ἐχθρός, ἔχθρα," TDNT 2.811-816theological-dictionary
  • Louw & Nida, Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament Based on Semantic Domains, 39.11lexicon
  • C. E. B. Cranfield, The Epistle to the Romans (ICC), on Rom 11:28commentary
  • D. J. Moo, The Epistle to the Romans (NICNT), on Rom 11:28commentary

All attested forms of ἐχθρός

accusative m p

ἐχθροὺς, ἐχθρούς

Mat 5:44, Luk 6:27, Luk 6:35, 1Co 15:25, Php 3:18, Col 1:21, Rev 11:5, Mat 22:44

nominative m s

ἐχθρὸς, ἐχθρός

Mat 13:25, Mat 13:28, Mat 13:39, 1Co 15:26, Gal 4:16, Jas 4:4, Rom 12:20

nominative m p

ἐχθροὶ, ἐχθροί

Mat 10:36, Rom 5:10, Rom 11:28, Heb 10:13, Rev 11:12, Luk 19:43

accusative m s

ἐχθρόν, ἐχθρὸν

Mat 5:43, 2Th 3:15

genitive m p

ἐχθρῶν

Luk 1:71, Luk 1:74

genitive m s

ἐχθροῦ

Luk 10:19

vocative m s

ἐχθρὲ

Act 13:10