StrongerBible

episunagō

ἐπισυνάγω

GreekG1996gather together, gather

Appears 8 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Mat 23:37 (2×)Mat 24:31Mrk 1:33Mrk 13:27Luk 12:1Luk 13:34Luk 17:37
Compound of
Root family
Word studyep-ee-soon-AG-ohverb

What episunagō means

to gather together into one place, drawing in what was spread out on every side

TranslatabilityApproximateCertaintySettled

This is the ordinary Greek verb for gathering (συνάγω) with a prefix that gives it a direction. It does not simply mean putting things together; it means bringing them in toward one point from wherever they had been spread out. Every use in the New Testament keeps that shape.

What changes from verse to verse is who does the gathering, and why:

  • a whole town crowds in around one doorway in Capernaum
  • Jesus says he had longed to gather Jerusalem's children the way a hen tucks her chicks under her wings
  • angels are sent out to bring God's chosen in from the four winds
  • birds of prey drop onto a body from wherever they had been

That last picture is worth holding onto, because it shows that the verb itself is neutral. The gathering can be rescue and it can be judgment. Only the setting tells you which.

Behind the weightiest uses stands an old promise. The Greek Old Testament uses this verb for God bringing his scattered people home from exile, so when Jesus speaks of the chosen being gathered from the ends of the earth, he is picking up language his hearers already knew. The matching noun (ἐπισυναγωγή) names the gathering itself, both the meeting of believers and the day they are gathered to Christ.

Nuances

1ato converge on one spot, whether a crowd pressing in from all over town or birds coming in on a carcass
Mrk 1:33Luk 12:1Luk 17:37
1bto gather people in under one's protection, the way a mother bird gathers her chicks under her wings
Mat 23:37 (2×)Luk 13:34
1cto bring God's chosen people together from every corner of the world at the end
Mat 24:31Mrk 13:27

What scholars say about episunagō

The verb is a compound of συνάγω with the preposition ἐπί, which adds to the simple verb the notion of gathering toward a point from a dispersed state. The standard lexica (BDAG, LSJ) treat it as a single sense, to gather or bring together, and distinguish only between the active use with a personal agent (Matthew 23:37; 24:31; Mark 13:27; Luke 13:34) and the passive use of crowds or birds converging on a place (Mark 1:33; Luke 12:1; Luke 17:37). The Septuagint employs the verb in promises to regather dispersed Israel, and commentators on the Synoptic apocalyptic discourse routinely connect the gathering of the elect from the four winds with that restoration language in Deuteronomy 30:4 and Zechariah 2:6. Discussion of Matthew 23:37 and its Lukan parallel concentrates on the maternal bird image, its Old Testament background of divine sheltering under wings, and the question of the speaker's implied standing over Israel's history; the lexical sense of the verb is not at issue in that debate. The cognate noun ἐπισυναγωγή appears at 2 Thessalonians 2:1 of the gathering to Christ and at Hebrews 10:25 of the community's assembling.

Sources

  • BDAG, s.v. ἐπισυνάγωlexicon
  • LSJ, s.v. ἐπισυνάγωlexicon
  • TDNT, s.v. συναγωγή, ἐπισυναγωγήtheological-dictionary
  • EDNT, s.v. ἐπισυνάγωdictionary
  • W. D. Davies and D. C. Allison, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Gospel According to Saint Matthew (ICC), on Matthew 23:37commentary
  • R. T. France, The Gospel of Mark (NIGTC), on Mark 13:27commentary

All attested forms of ἐπισυνάγω

aorist active infinitive

ἐπισυνάξαι

Luk 13:34

aorist passive participle genitive f p

ἐπισυναχθεισῶν

Luk 12:1

future active indicative 3p

ἐπισυνάξουσιν

Mat 24:31

future active indicative 3s

ἐπισυνάξει

Mrk 13:27

future passive indicative 3p

ἐπισυναχθήσονται

Luk 17:37

perfect passive participle nominative f s

ἐπισυνηγμένη

Mrk 1:33

present active indicative 3s

ἐπισυνάγει

Mat 23:37

second-aorist active infinitive

ἐπισυναγαγεῖν

Mat 23:37